TNF-α converting enzyme

ABSTRACT

A metalloprotease that converts TNF-α from the 26 kD cell form to the 17 kD form has been isolated and purified and the cDNA sequence known. In particular, the protease has a molecular weight of approximately 80 kD. The isolated and purified protease is useful for designing an inhibitor thereof, and may find use as a therapeutic agent. Assays for detecting the protease-inhibiting activity of a molecule are also an aspect of the invention.

This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 08/655,345 filed May 23, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,742, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 60/033,750 filed Jul. 20, 1995, abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 60/033,169 filed Jun. 8, 1995, abandoned.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention is directed to purified and isolated TNF-α converting enzyme, the nucleic acids encoding such enzyme, processes for production of recombinant TNF-α convertases, pharmaceutical compositions containing such enzymes, and their use in various assays and therapies.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, also known as cachectin) is a mammalian protein capable of inducing a variety of effects on numerous cell types. TNF-α was initially characterized by its ability to cause lysis of tumor cells and is produced by activated cells such as mononuclear phagocytes, T-cells, B-cells, mast cells and NK cells. There are two forms of TNF-α, a type II membrane protein of relative molecular mass 26,000 (26 kD) and a soluble 17 kD form generated from the cell-bound protein by proteolytic cleavage. TNF-α is a principal mediator of the host response to gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, also called endotoxin), derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria, is a potent stimulator of TNF-α synthesis. Because the deleterious effects which can result from an over-production or an unregulated-production of TNF-α are extremely serious, considerable efforts have been made to control or regulate the serum level of TNF-α. An important part in the effort to effectively control serum TNF-α levels is the understanding of the mechanism of TNF-α biosynthesis.

The mechanism by which TNF-α is secreted has not previously been elucidated. Kriegler et al. Cell, 53:45 (1988) conjectured that TNF-α "secretion" is due to the converting of the 26 kD membrane-bound molecule by a then unknown proteolytic enzyme or protease. Scuderi et. al., J. Immunology, 143:168 (1989), suggested that the release of TNF-α from human leukocyte cells is dependent on one or more serine proteases, e.g., a leukocyte elastase or trypsin. A serine protease inhibitor, p-toluenesulfonyl-L-arginine methyl ester, was found to suppress human leukocyte TNF-α release in a concentration-dependent manner. Scuderi et. al. suggested that an arginine methyl ester competes for the arginine-binding site in the enzyme's reactive center and thereby blocks hydrolysis. The lysine and phenylalanine analogs of the inhibitor reportedly filed to mimic the arginine methyl ester. However, it was never shown that this compound acted by inhibiting a protease that cleaves the 26 kD TNF. More recently, it has been reported that metalloprotease inhibitors block the release of TNF from THP-1 cells. See Mohler et al., Nature 370:218 (1994); Gearing et al., Nature, 370:555 (1994); and McGeehan et al., Nature, 370:568 (1994).

Most, but not all, proteases recognize a specific amino acid sequence. Some proteases primarily recognize residues located N-terminal of the cleaved bond, some recognize residues located C-terminal of the cleaved bond, and some proteases recognize residues on both sides of the cleaved bond. Metalloprotease enzymes utilize a bound metal ion, generally Zn²⁺, to catalyze the hydrolysis of the peptide bond. Metalloproteases are implicated in joint destruction (the matrix metalloproteases), blood pressure regulation (angiotensin converting enzyme), and regulation of peptide-hormone levels (neutral endopeptidase-24.11).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention pertains to biologically active TNF-α converting enzyme ("TACE") as an isolated and purified polypeptide. In addition, the invention is directed to isolated nucleic acids encoding TACE and to expression vectors comprising a cDNA encoding TACE. Within the scope of this invention are host cells that have been transfected or transformed with expression vectors that comprise a cDNA encoding TACE, and processes for producing TACE by culturing such host cells under conditions conducive to expression of TACE. By virtue of the purification of TACE, antibodies, and in particular, monoclonal antibodies against TACE are an aspect of the invention. In addition, assays utilizing TACE to screen for potential inhibitors thereof, and methods of using TACE as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of diseases mediated by cell-bound TNF-α or other molecules are encompassed by the invention. Further, methods of using TACE in the design of inhibitors thereof are also an aspect of the invention.

The isolated and purified metalloprotease of the invention is capable of converting TNF-α from the 26 kD membrane-bound form to the 17 kD form, and which has a molecular weight of between approximately 66 kD and approximately 97 kD. The cDNA sequence of TACE is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. The isolated and purified TNF-α converting enzyme ("TACE") comprises amino acids 18-824 of SEQ ID NO:2.

Inhibition of the TACE inhibits release of TNF-α into the serum and other extracellular spaces. TACE inhibitors would therefore have clinical utility in treating conditions characterized by over-production or upregulated production of TNF-α. A particularly useful TACE inhibitor for certain pathological conditions would selectively inhibit TACE while not affecting TNF-β (also known as lymphotoxin) serum levels. The over-production or unregulated production of TNF-α has been implicated in certain conditions and diseases, for example, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, reperfusion injury, cardiovascular disease, infectious disease such as HIV infection and HIV neuropathy, obstetrical or gynecological disorders, inflammatory disease/auto-immunity, allergic/atopic diseases, malignancy, transplants including organ transplant rejection or graft-versus-host disease, cachexia, congenital, dermatologic, neurologic, renal, toxicity, and metabolic/idiopathic diseases.

Inhibitors of TACE would prevent the cleavage of cell-bound TNF-α thereby reducing the level of TNF-α in serum and tissues. The present invention encompasses such an embodiment and comprises a method of inhibiting the cleavage of TNF-α from cell membranes in a mammal comprising administering to such mammal an effective amount of a compound that inhibits the TNF-α proteolytic activity of an enzyme comprising the sequence of amino acids from 18 to 671 through 824 of SEQ ID NO:2. In addition, the invention comprises a method for treating a mammal having a disease characterized by an overproduction or an upregulated production of TNF-α, comprising administering to the mammal a composition comprising an effective amount of a compound that inhibits the TNF-α proteolytic activity of an enzyme comprising the sequence of amino acids 18-824 of SEQ ID NO:2. Such inhibitors would be of significant clinical utility and could be potential therapeutics for treating the above-listed TNF-α-related disorders. Isolation and purification of TACE would provide a significant advancement in the effort to develop inhibitors of such enzyme, and the treatment of TNF-associated diseases, and indeed, could lead to use of TACE itself as a therapeutic agent for certain physiological disorders. For example, in addition to TNF-α, other cytokines as well as cytokine receptors and several adhesion proteins may be released from the cell surface by TACE or related proteases. TACE may be administered to modulate or remove cell surface cytokines, cytokine receptors and adhesion proteins involved in tumor cell growth, inflammation, or fertilization.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A cDNA encoding human TNF-α converting enzyme ("TACE") has been isolated and is disclosed in SEQ ID NO:1. This discovery of the cDNA encoding human TACE enables construction of expression vectors comprising nucleic acid sequences encoding TACE; host cells transfected or transformed with the expression vectors; biologically active human TACE as isolated and purified proteins; and antibodies immunoreactive with TACE.

Isolated and purified TACE polypeptides according to the invention are useful for detecting the TACE-inhibiting activity of a molecule. In such a method involving routine and conventional techniques, a molecule of unknown TACE-inhibiting activity is mixed with a substrate and incubated with a TACE polypeptide. The extent of substrate cleavage then can be determined chromatographically.

In addition, TACE polypeptides according to the invention are useful for the structure-based design of a TACE inhibitor. Such a design would comprise the steps of determining the three-dimensional structure of such TACE polypeptide, analyzing the three-dimensional structure for the likely binding sites of substrates, synthesizing a molecule that incorporates a predictive reactive site, and determining the TACE-inhibiting activity of the molecule.

Antibodies immunoreactive with TACE, and in particular, monoclonal antibodies against TACE, are now made available through the invention. Such antibodies may be useful for inhibiting TACE activity in vivo and for detecting the presence of TACE in a sample.

As used herein, the term "TACE" refers to a genus of polypeptides that are capable of converting the 26 kD cell membrane-bound form of TNF-α (that includes an intracellular region, a membrane region, and an extracellular region), into the soluble 17 kD form that comprises the C-terminal 156 residues of the TNF-α protein. TACE encompasses proteins having the amino acid sequence 18 to 824 of SEQ ID NO:2, as well as those proteins having a high degree of similarity (at least 80%, and more preferably 90% homology) with the amino acid sequence 18 to 824 of SEQ ID NO:2 and which proteins are biologically active. In addition, TACE refers to the biologically active gene products of the nucleotides 52-2472 of SEQ ED NO: 1. Further encompassed by the term "TACE" are the membrane-bound proteins (which include an intracellular region, a membrane region, and an extracellular region), and soluble or truncated proteins which comprise primarily the extracellular portion of the protein, retain biological activity and are capable of being secreted. Specific examples of such soluble proteins are those comprising the sequence of amino acids 18-671 of SEQ ID NO:2. Truncated versions are those having less than the extracellular portion of the protein and comprise, for example, amino acids 18-477 of SEQ ID NO:2, or that comprise substantially all of the catalytic domain, i.e., amino acids 215 to 477 of SEQ ID NO:2.

The isolated and purified TACE according to the invention has a molecular weight between about 66 kD and about 97 kD as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). More specifically, TACE was found to have a molecular weight of approximately 80 kD as determined by SDS-PAGE.

The term "isolated and purified" as used herein, means that TACE is essentially free of association with other proteins or polypeptides, for example, as a purification product of recombinant host cell culture or as a purified product from a non-recombinant source. The term "substantially purified" as used herein, refers to a mixture that contains TACE and is essentially free of association with other proteins or polypeptides, but for the presence of known proteins that can be removed using a specific antibody, and which substantially purified TACE retains biological activity. The term "purified TACE" refers to either the "isolated and purified" form of TACE or the "substantially purified" form of TACE, as both are described herein.

The term "biologically active" as it refers to TACE, means that the TACE is capable of converting the 26 kD cell form of TNF-α into the 17 kD form.

A "nucleotide sequence" refers to a polynucleotide molecule in the form of a separate fragment or as a component of a larger nucleic acid construct, that has been derived from DNA or RNA isolated at least once in substantially pure form (i.e., free of contaminating endogenous materials) and in a quantity or concentration enabling identification, manipulation, and recovery of its component nucleotide sequences by standard biochemical methods (such as those outlined in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989)). Such sequences are preferably provided in the form of an open reading frame uninterrupted by internal non-translated sequences, or introns, that are typically present in eukaryotic genes. Sequences of non-translated DNA may be present 5' or 3' from an open reading frame, where the same do not interfere with manipulation or expression of the coding region.

A "TACE variant" as referred to herein, means a polypeptide substantially homologous to native TACE, but which has an amino acid sequence different from that of native TACE (human, murine or other mammalian species) because of one or more deletions, insertions or substitutions. The variant amino acid sequence preferably is at least 80% identical to a native TACE amino acid sequence, most preferably at least 90% identical. The percent identity may be determined, for example, by comparing sequence information using the GAP computer program, version 6.0 described by Devereux et al. (Nucl. Acids Res. 12:387, 1984) and available from the University of Wisconsin Genetics Computer Group. (UWGCG). The GAP program utilizes the alignment method of Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. 48:443, 1970), as revised by Smith and Waterman (Adv. Appl. Math 2:482, 1981). The preferred default parameters for the GAP program include: (1) a unary comparison matrix (containing a value of 1 for identities and 0 for non-identities) for nucleotides, and the weighted comparison matrix of Gribskov and Burgess, Nucl. Acids Res. 14:6745, 1986, as described by Schwartz and Dayhoff, eds., Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, National Biomedical Research Foundation, pp. 353-358., 1979; (2) a penalty of 3.0 for each gap and an additional 0.10 penalty for each symbol in each gap; and (3) no penalty for end gaps.

Variants may comprise conservatively substituted sequences, meaning that a given amino acid residue is replaced by a residue having similar physiochemical characteristics. Conservative substitutions are well known in the art and include substitution of one aliphatic residue for another, such as Ile, Val, Leu, or Ala for one another, or substitutions of one polar residue for another, such as between Lys and Arg, Glu and Asp; or Gln and Asn. Conventional procedures and methods can be used for making and using such variants. Other such conservative substitutions, for example, substitutions of entire regions having similar hydrophobicity characteristics, are well known and routinely performed. Naturally occurring TACE variants are also encompassed by the invention. Examples of such variants are proteins that result from alternate mRNA splicing events or from proteolytic cleavage of the TACE protein, wherein the TACE proteolytic property is retained. Alternate splicing of mRNA may yield a truncated but biologically active TACE protein, such as a naturally occurring soluble form of the protein, for example, as shown in SEQ ID NO:4. Variations attributable to proteolysis include, for example, differences in the N- or C-termini upon expression in different types of host cells, due to proteolytic removal of one or more terminal amino acids from the TACE protein (generally from 1-5 terminal amino acids).

As stated above, the invention provides isolated and purified, or homogeneous, TACE polypeptides, both recombinant and non-recombinant. Variants and derivatives of native TACE proteins that retain the desired biological activity may be obtained by mutations of nucleotide sequences coding for native TACE polypeptides. Alterations of the native amino acid sequence may be accomplished by any of a number of conventional methods. Mutations can be introduced at particular loci by synthesizing oligonucleotides containing a mutant sequence, flanked by restriction sites enabling ligation to fragments of the native sequence. Following ligation, the resulting reconstructed sequence encodes an analog having the desired amino acid insertion, substitution, or deletion.

Alternatively, oligonucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis procedures can be employed to provide an altered gene wherein predetermined codons can be altered by substitution, deletion or insertion. Exemplary methods of making the alterations set forth above are disclosed by Walder et al. (Gene 42:133, 1986); Bauer et al. (Gene 37:73, 1985); Craik (BioTechniques, Jan. 12-19, 1985,); Smith et al. (Genetic Engineering: Principles and Methods, Plenum Press, 1981); Kunkel (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:488, 1985); Kunkel et al. (Methods in Enzymol. 154:367, 1987); and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,518,584 and 4,737,462 all of which are incorporated by reference.

TACE may be modified to create TACE derivatives by forming covalent or aggregative conjugates with other chemical moieties, such as glycosyl groups, polyethylene glycol (PEG) groups, lipids, phosphate, acetyl groups and the like. Covalent derivatives of TACE may be prepared by linking the chemical moieties to functional groups on TAC-amino acid side chains or at the N-terminus or C-terminus of a TACE polypeptide or the extracellular domain thereof. Other derivatives of TACE within the scope of this invention include covalent or aggregative conjugates of TACE or its fragments with other proteins or polypeptides, such as by synthesis in recombinant culture as N-terminal or C-terminal fusions. For example, the conjugate may comprise a signal or leader polypeptide sequence (e.g. the α-factor leader of Saccharomyces) at the N-terminus of a TACE polypeptide. The signal or leader peptide co-translationally or post-translationally directs transfer of the conjugate from its site of synthesis to a site inside or outside of the cell membrane or cell wall.

TACE polypeptide conjugates can comprise peptides added to facilitate purification and identification of TACE. Such peptides include, for example, poly-His or the antigenic identification peptides described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,912 and in Hopp et al., Bio/Technology 6:1204, 1988.

The invention further includes TACE polypeptides with or without associated native-pattern glycosylation. TACE expressed in yeast or mammalian expression systems (e.g., COS-7 cells) may be similar to or significantly different from a native TACE polypeptide in molecular weight and glycosylation pattern, depending upon the choice of expression system. Expression of TACE polypeptides in bacterial expression systems, such as E. coli, provides non-glycosylated molecules. Glycosyl groups may be removed through conventional methods, in particular those utilizing glycopeptidase. In general, glycosylated TACE may be incubated with a molar excess of glycopeptidase (Boehringer Mannheim).

Equivalent DNA constructs that encode various additions or substitutions of amino acid residues or sequences, or deletions of terminal or internal residues or sequences not needed for biological activity are encompassed by the invention. For example, N-glycosylation sites in the TACE extracellular domain can be modified to preclude glycosylation, allowing expression of a reduced carbohydrate analog in mammalian and yeast expression systems. N-glycosylation sites in eukaryotic polypeptides are characterized by an amino acid triplet Asn-X-Y, wherein X is any amino acid except Pro and Y is Ser or Thr. Appropriate substitutions, additions or deletions to the nucleotide sequence encoding these triplets will result in prevention of attachment of carbohydrate residues at the Asn side chain. Alteration of a single nucleotide, chosen so that Asn is replaced by a different amino acid, for example, is sufficient to inactivate an N-glycosylation site. Known procedures for inactivating N-glycosylation sites in proteins include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,071,972 and EP 276,846, hereby incorporated by reference.

In another example, sequences encoding Cys residues that are not essential for biological activity can be altered to cause the Cys residues to be deleted or replaced with other amino acids, preventing formation of incorrect intramolecular disulfide bridges upon renaturation. Other equivalents are prepared by modification of adjacent dibasic amino acid residues to enhance expression in yeast systems in which KEX2 protease activity is present. EP 212,914 discloses the use of site-specific mutagenesis to inactivate KEX2 protease processing sites in a protein. KEX2 protease processing sites are inactivated by deleting, adding or substituting residues to alter Arg--Arg, Arg--Lys, and Lys--Arg pairs to eliminate the occurrence of these adjacent basic residues. Lys--Lys pairings are considerably less susceptible to KEX2 cleavage, and conversion of Arg--Lys or Lys--Arg to Lys--Lys represents a conservative and preferred approach to inactivating KEX2 sites

Nucleic acid sequences within the scope of the invention include isolated DNA and RNA sequences that hybridize to the native TACE nucleotide sequences disclosed herein under conditions of moderate or high stringency, and which encode biologically active TACE. Conditions of moderate stringency, as known to those having ordinary skill in the art, and as defined by Sambrook et al. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2 ed. Vol. 1, pp. 1.101-104, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, (1989), include use of a prewashing solution of 5 X SSC, 0.5% SDS, 1.0 mM EDTA (pH 8.0) and hybridization conditions of about 50° C.-60° C., 5 X SSC, overnight, preferably 55° C. Conditions of high stringency include higher temperatures of hybridization and washing. The skilled artisan will recognize that the temperature and wash solution salt concentration may be adjusted as necessary according to factors such as the length of the probe.

Due to the known degeneracy of the genetic code wherein more than one codon can encode the same amino acid, a DNA sequence may vary from that shown in SEQ ID NO:1 and still encode a TACE protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2. Such variant DNA sequences may result from silent mutations (e.g., occurring during PCR amplification), or may be the product of deliberate mutagenesis of a native sequence.

The invention thus provides equivalent isolated DNA sequences encoding biologically active TACE, selected from: (a) the coding region of a native mammalian TACE gene; (b) cDNA comprising the nucleotide sequence presented in SEQ ID NO:1; (c) DNA capable of hybridization to a DNA of (a) under moderately stringent conditions and which encodes biologically active TACE; and (d) DNA which is degenerate as a result of the genetic code to a DNA defined in (a), (b) or (c) and which encodes biologically active. TACE. TACE proteins encoded by such DNA equivalent sequences are encompassed by the invention.

DNA that are equivalents to the DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 will hybridize under moderately stringent or highly stringent conditions to the double-stranded native. DNA sequence that encode polypeptides comprising amino acid sequences of 18-Xaa of SEQ ID NO:2, wherein Xaa is an amino acid from 671 to 824. Examples of TACE proteins encoded by such DNA, include, but are not limited to, TACE fragments (soluble or membrane-bound) and TACE proteins comprising inactivated N-glycosylation site(s), inactivated KEX2 protease processing site(s), or conservative amino acid substitution(s), as described above. TACE proteins encoded by DNA derived from other mammalian species, wherein the DNA will hybridize under conditions of moderate or high stringency to the complement of the cDNA of SEQ ID NO:1 are also encompassed.

Alternatively, TACE-binding proteins, such as the anti-TACE antibodies of the invention, can be bound to a solid phase such as a column chromatography matrix or a similar substrate suitable for identifying, separating or purifying cells that express the TACE on their surface. Adherence of TACE-binding proteins to a solid phase contacting surface can be accomplished by any means, for example, magnetic microspheres can be coated with TACE-binding proteins and held in the incubation vessel through a magnetic field. Suspensions of cell mixtures are contacted with the solid phase that has TACE-binding proteins thereon. Cells having TACE on their surface bind to the fixed TACE-binding protein and unbound cells then are washed away. This affinity-binding method is useful for purifying, screening or separating such TACE-expressing cells from solution. Methods of releasing positively selected cells from the solid phase are known in the art and encompass, for example, the use of enzymes. Such enzymes are preferably non-toxic and non-injurious to the cells and are preferably directed to cleaving the cell-surface binding partner.

Alternatively, mixtures of cells suspected of containing TACE-expressing cells first can be incubated with a biotinylated TACE-binding protein. Incubation periods are typically at least one hour in duration to ensure sufficient binding to TACE. The resulting mixture then is passed through a column packed with avidin-coated beads, whereby the high affinity of biotin for avidin provides the binding of the TACE-binding cells to the beads. Use of avidin-coated beads is known in the art See Berenson, et al. J. Cell. Biochem., 10D:239 (1986). Wash of unbound material and the release of the bound cells is performed using conventional methods.

In the methods described above, suitable TACE-binding proteins are anti-TACE antibodies, and other proteins that are capable of high-affinity binding of TACE. A preferred TACE-binding protein is an anti-TACE monoclonal antibody obtained, for example, as described in Example 4.

TACE polypeptides may exist as oligomers, such as covalently-linked or non-covalently-linked dimers or trimers. Oligomers may be linked by disulfide bonds formed between cysteine residues on different TACE polypeptides. In one embodiment of the invention, a TACE dimer is created by fusing TACE to the Fc region of an antibody (e.g., IgG1) in a manner that does not interfere with biological activity of TACE. The Fc polypeptide preferably is fused to the C-terminus of a soluble TACE (comprising only the extracellular domain). General preparation of fusion proteins comprising heterologous polypeptides fused to various portions of antibody-derived polypeptides (including the Fc domain) has been described, e.g., by Ashkenazi et al. (PNAS USA 88:10535, 1991) and Byrn et al. (Nature 344:677, 1990), hereby incorporated by reference. A gene fusion encoding the TACE:Fc fusion protein is inserted into an appropriate expression vector. TACE:Fc fusion proteins are allowed to assemble much like antibody molecules, whereupon interchain disulfide bonds form between Fc polypeptides, yielding divalent TACE. If fusion proteins are made with both heavy and light chains of an antibody, it is possible to form a TACE oligomer with as many as four TACE extracellular regions. Alternatively, one can link two soluble TACE domains with a peptide linker.

Recombinant expression vectors containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding TACE can be prepared using well known methods. The expression vectors include a TACE DNA sequence operably linked to suitable transcriptional or translational regulatory nucleotide sequences, such as those derived from a mammalian, microbial, viral, or insect gene. Examples of regulatory sequences include transcriptional promoters, operators, or enhancers, an mRNA ribosomal binding site, and appropriate sequences which control transcription and translation initiation and termination. Nucleotide sequences are "operably linked" when the regulatory sequence functionally relates to the TACE DNA sequence. Thus, a promoter nucleotide sequence is operably linked to a TACE DNA sequence if the promoter nucleotide sequence controls the transcription of the TACE DNA sequence. The ability to replicate in the desired host cells, usually conferred by an origin of replication, and a selection gene by which transformants are identified, may additionally be incorporated into the expression vector.

In addition, sequences encoding appropriate signal peptides that are not naturally associated with TACE can be incorporated into expression vectors. For example, a DNA sequence for a signal peptide (secretory leader) may be fused in-frame to the TACE sequence so that TACE is initially translated as a fusion protein comprising the signal peptide. A signal peptide that is functional in the intended host cells enhances extracellular secretion of the TACE polypeptide. The signal peptide may be cleaved from the TACE polypeptide upon secretion of TACE from the cell.

Suitable host cells for expression of TACE polypeptides include prokaryotes, yeast or higher eukaryotic cells. Appropriate cloning and expression vectors for use with. bacterial, fungal, yeast, and mammalian cellular hosts are described, for example, in Pouwels et al. Cloning Vectors: A Laboratory Manual, Elsevier, N.Y., (1985). Cell-free translation systems could also be employed to produce TACE polypeptides using RNAs derived from DNA constructs disclosed herein.

Prokaryotes include gram negative or gram positive organisms, for example, E. coli or Bacilli. Suitable prokaryotic host cells for transformation include, for example, E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, and various other species within the genera Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, and Staphylococcus. In a prokaryotic host cell, such as E. coli, a TACE polypeptide may include an N-terminal methionine residue to facilitate expression of the recombinant polypeptide in the prokaryotic host cell. The N-terminal Met may be cleaved from the expressed recombinant TACE polypeptide.

Expression vectors for use in prokaryotic host cells generally comprise one or more phenotypic selectable marker genes. A phenotypic selectable marker gene is, for example, a gene encoding a protein that confers antibiotic resistance or that supplies an autotrophic requirement. Examples of useful expression vectors for prokaryotic host cells include those derived from commercially available plasmids such as the cloning vector pBR322 (ATCC 37017). pBR322 contains genes for ampicillin and tetracycline resistance and thus provides simple means for identifying transformed cells. To construct en expression vector using pBR322, an appropriate promoter and a TACE DNA sequence are inserted into the pBR322 vector. Other commercially available vectors include, for example, pKK223-3 (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, Uppsala, Sweden) and PGEM1 (Promega Biotec, Madison, Wis., USA).

Promoter sequences commonly used for recombinant prokaryotic host cell expression vectors include β-lactamase (penicillinase), lactose promoter system (Chang et al., Nature 275:615, 1978; and Goeddel et al., Nature 281:544, 1979), tryptophan (trp) promoter system (Goeddel et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 8:4057, 1980; and EP-A-36776) and tac promoter (Maniatis, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, p. 412, 1982). A particularly useful prokaryotic host cell expression system employs a phage λ P_(L) promoter and a cI857ts thermolabile repressor sequence. Plasmid vectors available from the American Type Culture Collection which incorporate derivatives of the λ P_(L) promoter include plasmid pHUB2 (resident in E. coli strain JMB9 (ATCC 37092)) and pPLc28 (resident in E. coli RR1 (ATCC 53082)).

TACE polypeptides alternatively may be expressed in yeast host cells, preferably from the Saccharomyces genus (e.g., S. cerevisiae). Other genera of yeast, such as Pichia, K. lactis or Kluyveromyces, may also be employed. Yeast vectors will often contain an origin of replication sequence from a 2μ yeast plasmid, an autonomously replicating sequence (ARS), a promoter region, sequences for polyadenylation, sequences for transcription termination, and a selectable marker gene. Suitable promoter sequences for yeast vectors include, among others, promoters for metallothionein, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (Hitzeman et al., J. Biol. Chem. 255:2073, 1980) or other glycolytic enzymes (Hess et al., J. Adv. Enzyme Reg. 7:149, 1968; and Holland et al., Biochem. 17:4900, 1978), such as enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, 3-phosphoglycerate mutase, pyruvate kinase, triosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and glucokinase. Other suitable vectors and promoters for use in yeast expression are further described in Hitzeman, EPA-73,657 or in Fleer et. al., Gene, 107:285-195 (1991); and van den Berg et. al., Bio/Technology, 8:135-139 (1990). Another alternative is the glucose-repressible ADH2 promoter described by Russell et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 258:2674, 19.32) and Beier et al. (Nature 300:724, 1982). Shuttle vectors replicable in both yeast and E. coli may be constructed by inserting DNA sequences from pBR322 for selection and replication in E. coli (Amp^(r) gene and origin of replication) into the above-described yeast vectors.

The yeast α-factor leader sequence may be employed to direct secretion of a TACE polypeptide. The α-factor leader sequence is often inserted between the promoter sequence and the structural gene sequence. See, e.g., Kurjan et al., Cell 30:933, 1982; Bitter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:5330, 1984; U.S. Pat. No. 4,546,082; and EP 324,274. Other leader sequences suitable for facilitating secretion of recombinant polypeptides from yeast hosts are known to those of skill in the art. A leader sequence may be modified near its 3' end to contain one or more restriction sites. This will facilitate fusion of the leader sequence to the structural gene.

Yeast transformation protocols are known to those of skill in the art. One such protocol is described by Hinnen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:1929, 1978. The Hinnen et al. protocol selects for Trp⁺ transformants in a selective medium, wherein the selective medium consists of 0.67% yeast nitrogen base, 0.5% casamino acids, 2% glucose, 10 μg/ml adenine and 20 μm uracil.

Yeast host cells transformed by vectors containing ADH2 promoter sequence may be grown for inducing expression in a "rich" medium. An example of a rich medium is one consisting of 1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, and 1% glucose supplemented with 80 μg/ml adenine and 80 μg/ml uracil. Derepression of the ADH2 promoter occurs when glucose is exhausted from the medium.

Mammalian or insect host cell culture systems could also be employed to express recombinant TACE polypeptides. Baculovirus systems for production of heterologous proteins in insect cells are reviewed by Luckow and Summers, Bio/Technology 6:47 (1988). Established cell lines of mammalian origin also may be employed. Examples of suitable mammalian host cell lines include the COS-7 line of monkey kidney cells (ATCC CRL 1651) (Gluzman et al., Cell 23:175, 1981), L cells, C127 cells, 3T3 cells (ATCC CCL 163), Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, HeLa cells, and BHK (ATCC CRL 10), cell lines, and the CV-1/EBNA-1 cell line derived from the African green monkey kidney cell line CVI (ATCC CCL 70) as described by McMahan et al. (EMBO J. 10:2821, 1991).

Transcriptional and translational control sequences for mammalian host cell expression vectors may be excised from viral genomes. Commonly used promoter sequences and enhancer sequences are derived from Polyoma virus, Adenovirus 2, Simian Virus 40 (SV40), and human cytomegalovirus. DNA sequences derived from the SV40 viral genome, for example, SV40 origin, early and late promoter, enhancer, splice, and polyadenylation sites may be used to provide other genetic elements for expression of a structural gene sequence in a mammalian host cell. Viral early and late promoters are particularly useful because both are easily obtained from a viral genome as a fragment which may also contain a viral origin of replication (Fiers et al., Nature 273:113, 1978). Smaller or larger SV40 fragments may also be used, provided the approximately 250 bp sequence extending from the Hind III site toward the Bgl I site located in the SV40 viral origin of replication site is included.

Exemplary expression vectors for use in mammalian host cells can be constructed as disclosed by Okayama and Berg (Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:280, 1983). A useful system for stable high level expression of mammalian cDNAs in C127 murine mammary epithelial cells can be constructed substantially as described by Cosman et al. (Mol. Immunol. 23:935, 1986). A useful high expression vector, PMLSV N1/N4, described by Cosman et al., Nature 312:768, 1984 has been deposited as ATCC 39890. Additional useful mammalian expression vectors are described in EP-A-0367566, and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/701,415, filed May 16, 1991, incorporated by reference herein. The vectors may be derived from retroviruses. In place of the native signal sequence, a heterologous signal sequence may be added, such as the signal sequence for IL-7 described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,195; the signal sequence for IL-2 receptor described in Cosman et al., Nature 312:768 (1984); the IL-4 signal peptide described in EP 367,566; the type I IL-1 receptor signal peptide described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,968,607; and the type IL-1 receptor signal peptide described in EP 460,846.

An isolated and purified TACE protein according to the invention may be produced by recombinant expression systems as described above or purified from naturally occurring cells. TACE can be substantially purified, as indicated by a single protein band upon analysis by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). One process for producing TACE comprises culturing a host cell transformed with an expression vector comprising a DNA sequence that encodes TACE under conditions sufficient to promote expression of TACE. TACE is then recovered from culture medium or cell extracts, depending upon the expression system employed. As is known to the skilled artisan, procedures for purifying a recombinant protein will vary according to such factors as the type of host cells employed and whether or not the recombinant protein is secreted into the culture medium. For example, when expression systems that secrete the recombinant protein are employed, the culture medium first may be concentrated using a commercially available protein concentration filter, for example, an Amicon or Millipore Pellicon ultrafiltration unit. Following the concentration step, the concentrate can be applied to a purification matrix such as a gel filtration medium. Alternatively, an anion exchange resin can be employed, for example, a matrix or substrate having pendant diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) groups. The matrices can be acrylamide, agarose, dextran, cellulose or other types commonly employed in protein purification. Alternatively, a cation exchange step can employed. Suitable cation exchangers include various insoluble matrices comprising sulfopropyl or carboxymethyl groups. Sulfopropyl groups are preferred. Finally, one or more reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) steps employing hydrophobic RP-HPLC media, (e.g., silica gel having pendant methyl or other aliphatic groups) can be employed to further purify TACE. Some or all of the foregoing purification steps, in various combinations, are well known and can be employed to provide an isolated and purified recombinant protein.

In addition to recombinantly producing TACE, TACE may be isolated and purified from an activated monocytic cell line, THP-1. TBP-1 cells typically produce more TNF-α than do HL-60 cells, and are a preferred source for TACE. Other sources for TACE may be used, and TACE may also be found in other types of cells that produce TNF-α. Once a source for TACE is identified, TACE may be isolated and purified by first optionally stimulating the source cells to produce TNF-α. Stimulation may not be necessary, however, it can be done using techniques that are well-known in the art. The cells are then harvested, washed, and plasma membranes isolated according to conventional procedures. A particularly preferred method of isolating the plasma membranes is method number three as described in Maeda et. al., Biochim. et. Biophys. Acta, 731:115 (1983); except that dithiothreitol should not be included in this method since it was determined that dithiothreitol blocks TACE activity. Proteins from the cell membrane then can be solubilized by suspending the membrane preparation in a dilute solution of non-ionic detergent, followed by brief homogenization. Phospholipids then can be extracted using conventional methods.

It is possible to utilize an affinity column comprising a TACE-binding protein to affinity-purify expressed TACE polypeptides. TACE polypeptides can be removed from an affinity column using conventional techniques, e.g., in a high salt elution buffer and then dialyzed into a lower salt buffer for use or by changing pH or other components depending on the affinity matrix utilized. Example 4 describes a procedure for employing TACE of the invention to generate monoclonal antibodies directed against TACE.

Recombinant protein produced in bacterial culture is usually isolated by initial disruption of the host cells, centrifugation, extraction from cell pellets if an insoluble polypeptide, or from the supernatant fluid if a soluble polypeptide, followed by one or more concentration, salting-out, ion exchange, affinity purification or size exclusion chromatography steps. Finally, RP-HPLC can be employed for final purification steps. Microbial cells can be disrupted by any convenient method, including freeze-thaw cycling, sonication, mechanical disruption, or use of cell lysing agents.

Transformed yeast host cells are preferably employed to express TACE as a secreted polypeptide in order to simplify purification. Secreted recombinant polypeptide from a yeast host cell fermentation can be purified by methods analogous to those disclosed by Urdal et al. (J. Chromatog. 296:171, 1984). Urdal et al. describe two sequential, reversed-phase HPLC steps for purification of recombinant human IL-2 on a preparative HPLC column.

Antisense or sense oligonucleotides comprising a single-stranded nucleic acid sequence (either RNA or DNA) capable of binding to a target TACE mRNA sequence (forming a duplex) or to the TACE sequence in the double-stranded DNA helix (forming a triple helix) can be made according to the invention. Antisense or sense oligonucleotides, according to the present invention, comprise a fragment of the coding region of TACE cDNA. Such a fragment generally comprises at least about 14 nucleotides, preferably from about 14 to about 30 nucleotides. The ability to create an antisense or a sense oligonucleotide, based upon a cDNA sequence for a given protein is described in, for example, Stein and Cohen, Cancer Res. 48:2659, 1988 and van der Krol et al., BioTechniques 6:958, 1988.

Binding of antisense or sense oligonucleotides to target nucleic acid sequences results in the formation of complexes that block translation (RNA) or transcription (DNA) by one of several means, including enhanced degradation of the duplexes, premature termination of transcription or translation, or by other means. The antisense oligonucleotides thus may be used to block expression of TACE proteins. Antisense or sense oligonucleotides further comprise oligo-nucleotides having modified sugar-phosphodiester backbones (or other sugar linkages, such as those described in WO91/06629) and wherein such sugar linkages are resistant to endogenous nucleases. Such oligonucleotides with resistant sugar linkages are stable in vivo (i.e., capable of resisting enzymatic degradation) but retain sequence specificity to be able to bind to target nucleotide sequences. Other examples of sense or antisense oligonucleotides include those oligonucleotides which are covalently linked to organic moieties, such as those described in WO 90/10448, and other moieties that increases affinity of the oligonucleotide for a target nucleic acid sequence, such as poly-(L-lysine). Further still, intercalating agents, such as ellipticine, and alkylating agents or metal complexes may be attached to sense or antisense, oligonucleotides to modify binding specificities of the antisense or sense oligonucleotides for the target nucleotide sequence.

Antisense or sense oligonucleotides may be introduced into a cell containing the target nucleic acid sequence by any gene transfer method, including, for example, CaPO₄.spsb.- mediated DNA transfection, electroporation, or by using gene transfer vectors such as Epstein-Barr virus. Antisense or sense oligonucleotides are preferably introduced into a cell containing the target nucleic acid sequence by insertion of the antisense or sense oligonucleotide into a suitable retroviral vector, then contacting the cell with the retrovirus vector containing the inserted sequence, either in vivo or ex vivo. Suitable retroviral vectors include, but are not limited to, the murine retrovirus M-MuLV, N2 (a retrovirus derived from M-MuLV), or or the double copy vectors designated DCT5A, DCT5B and DCT5C (see PCT U.S. application No. 90/02656).

Sense or antisense oligonucleotides also may be introduced into a cell containing the target nucleotide sequence by formation of a conjugate with a ligand binding molecule, as described in WO 91/04753. Suitable ligand binding molecules include, but are not limited to, cell surface receptors, growth factors, other cytokines, or other ligands that bind to cell surface receptors. Preferably, conjugation of the ligand binding molecule does not substantially interfere with the ability of the ligand binding molecule to bind to its corresponding molecule or receptor, or block entry of the sense or antisense oligonucleotide or its conjugated version into the cell.

Alternatively, a sense or an antisense oligonucleotide may be introduced into a cell containing the target nucleic acid sequence by formation of an oligonucleotide-lipid complex, as described in WO 90/10448. The sense or antisense oligonucleotide-lipid complex is preferably dissociated within the cell by an endogenous lipase.

Isolated and purified TACE or a fragment thereof, and in particular, the extracellular domain of TACE, may also be useful itself as a therapeutic agent in regulating the levels of certain cell surface proteins. In addition to TNF-α, other cytokines as well as cytokine receptors and several adhesion proteins may be released from the cell surface by TACE or related proteases. TACE or a fragment thereof, in particular, the extracellular domain of TACE, may be administered to modulate or remove cell surface cytokines, cytokine receptors and adhesion proteins involved in tumor cell growth, inflammation, or fertilization. When used as a therapeutic agent, TACE can be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions according to known methods. TACE can be combined in admixture, either as the sole active material or with other known active materials, with pharmaceutically suitable diluents (e.g., Tris-HCl, acetate, phosphate), preservatives (e.g., Thimerosal, benzyl alcohol, parabens), emulsifiers, solubilizers, adjuvants and/or carriers. Suitable carriers and their formulations are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th ed. 1980, Mack Publishing Co. In addition, such compositions can contain TACE complexed with polyethylene glycol (PEG), metal ions, or incorporated into polymeric compounds such as polyacetic acid, polyglycolic acid, hydrogels, etc., or incorporated into liposomes, microemulsions, micelles, unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles, erythrocyte ghosts or spheroblasts. Such compositions will influence the physical state, solubility, stability, rate of in vivo release, and rate of in vivo clearance of TACE.

TACE may be assayed using any of a variety of metalloprotease assays known in the art. In general, TACE can be assayed through the use of a peptide substrate that represents the natural cleavage site of TNF-α. For example, in order to detect the cleavage of a substrate by TACE, the substrate can be tagged with a fluorescent group on one side of the cleavage site and with a fluorescence-quenching group on the opposite side of the cleavage site. Upon cleavage by TACE, quenching is eliminated thus providing a detectable signal. Alternatively, the substrate may be tagged with a colorimetric leaving group that more strongly absorbs upon cleavage. Alternatively, the substrate may have a thioester group synthesized into the cleavage site of the substrate so that upon cleavage by TACE, the thiol group remains and can be easily detected using conventional methods. A particularly preferred method of detecting TACE activity in a sample is described in Example 1, infra. Other methods of detecting TACE activity may be utilized without resorting to undue experimentation.

As further described in Example 1, infra, a quantitative assay for TACE also may be used which assay involves incubating the peptide substrate, at about 1 mM, with TACE at 37° C. for a fixed period of time; stopping the reaction by the addition of an acid or a metal chelator, and determining the extent of cleavage by HPLC analysis.

Within an aspect of the invention, TACE, and peptides based on the amino acid sequence of TACE, may be utilized to prepare antibodies that specifically bind to TACE. A specific example of such antibody preparation is described in Example 4 herein. The term "antibodies" is meant to include polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, fragments thereof such as F(ab')2, and Fab fragments, as well as any recombinantly produced binding partners. Antibodies are defined to be specifically binding if they bind TACE with a K_(a) of greater than or equal to about 10⁷ M⁻¹. Affinities of binding partners or antibodies can be readily determined using conventional techniques, for example those described bat Scatchard et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 51:660 (1949).

Polyclonal antibodies can be readily generated from a variety of sources, for example, horses, cows, goats, sheep, dogs, chickens, rabbits, mice or rats, using procedures that are well-known in the art. In general, purified TACE, or a peptide based on the amino acid sequence of TACE that is appropriately conjugated, is administered to the host animal typically through parenteral injection. The immunogenicity of TACE may be enhanced through the use of an adjuvant, for example, Freund's complete or incomplete, adjuvant. Following booster immunizations, small samples of serum are collected and tested for reactivity to TACE or the TACE peptides. Examples of various assays useful for such determination include those described in: Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Harlow and Lane (eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1988; as well as procedures such as countercurrent immuno-electrophoresis (CIEP), radioimmunoassay, radio-immunoprecipitation, enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assays (ELISA), dot blot assays, and sandwich assays, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,376,110 and 4,486,530.

Monoclonal antibodies may be readily prepared using well-known procedures, see for example, the procedures described in U.S. Pat. No. RE 32,011, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,902,614, 4,543,439 and 4,411,993; Monoclonal Antibodies, Hybridomas: A New Dimension in Biological Analyses, Plenum Press, Kennett, McKearn, and Bechtol (eds.), 1980. Briefly, the host animals, such as mice are injected intraperitoneally at least once, and preferably at least twice at about 3 week intervals with isolated and purified TACE or conjugated TACE peptide, optionally in the presence of adjuvant. Mouse sera are then assayed by conventional dot blot technique or antibody capture (ABC) to determine which animal is best to fuse. Approximately two to three weeks later, the mice are given an intravenous boost of TACE or conjugated TACE peptide. Mice are later sacrificed and spleen cells fused with commercially available myeloma cells, such as Ag8.653 (ATCC), following established protocols. Briefly, the myeloma cells are washed several tie in media and fused to mouse spleen cells at a ratio of about three spleen cells to one myeloma cell. The fusing agent can be any suitable agent used in the art, for example, polyethylene glycol (PEG). Fusion is plated out into plates containing media that allows for the selective growth of the fused cells. The fused cells can then be allowed to grow for approximately eight days. Supernatants from resultant hybridomas are collected and added to a plate that is first coated with goat anti-mouse Ig. Following washes, a label, such as, ¹²⁵ I-TACE is added to each well followed by incubation. Positive wells can be subsequently detected by autoradiography. Positive clones can be grown in bulk culture and supernatants are subsequently purified over a Protein A column (Pharmacia).

The monoclonal antibodies of the invention can be produced using alternative techniques, such as those described by Alting-Mees et al., "Monoclonal Antibody Expression Libraries: A Rapid Alternative to Hybridomas", Strategies in Molecular Biology 3:1-9 (1990) which is incorporated herein by reference. Similarly, binding partners can be constructed using recombinant DNA techniques to incorporate the variable regions of a gene that encodes a specific binding antibody. Such a technique is described in Larrick et al., Biotechnology, 7:394 (1989).

Other types of "antibodies" may be produced using the information provided herein in conjunction with the state of knowledge in the art. For example, humanized antibodies that are capable of specifically binding TACE are also encompassed by the invention.

Once isolated and purified, the antibodies against TACE may be used to detect tie presence of TACE in a sample using established assay protocols. Further, the antibodies of the invention may be used therapeutically to bind to TACE and inhibit its activity in vivo.

The purified TACE according to the invention will facilitate the discovery of inhibitors of TACE, and thus, inhibitors of excessive TNF-α release. The use of a purified TACE polypeptide in the screening of potential inhibitors thereof is important and can virtually eliminate the possibility of interfering reactions with contaminants. Such a screening assay for detecting the TACE-inhibiting activity of a molecule would typically involve mixing the potential inhibitor molecule with an appropriate substrate, incubating TACE that is at least substantially purified with the mixture, and determining the extent of substrate cleavage as, for example, described above. While various appropriate substrates may be designed for use in the assay, preferably, a peptidyl substrate is used, and which substrate comprises the amino acid sequence Leu--Ala--Gln--Ala--Val--Arg--Ser--Ser (SEQ ID NO:5).

In addition, TACE polypeptides can also be used for structure-based design of TACE-inhibitors. Such structure-based design is also known as "rational drug design." The TACE polypeptides can be three dimensionally analyzed by, for example, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance or homology modeling, all of which are well-known methods. The use of TACE structural information in molecular modeling software systems to assist in inhibitor design and inhibitor-TACE interaction is also encompassed by the invention. Such computer-assisted modeling and drug design may utilize information such as chemical conformational analysis, electrostatic potential of the molecules, protein folding, etc. For example, most of the design of class-specific inhibitors of metalloproteases has focused on attempts to chelate or bind the catalytic zinc atom. Synthetic inhibitors are usually designed to contain a negatively-charged moiety to which is attached a series of other groups designed to fit the specificity pockets of the particular protease. A particular method of the invention comprises analyzing the three dimensional structure of TACE for likely binding sites of substrates, synthesizing a new molecule that incorporates a predictive reactive site, and assaying the new molecule as described above.

The following Examples provide an illustration of embodiments of the invention and should not be construed to limit the scope of the invention which is set forth in the appended claims. In the following Examples, all methods described are conventional unless otherwise specified.

EXAMPLE 1 Purification of the TNF-α Converting Enzyme

This Example describes a method for purifying TACE. The TACE was isolated and purified from the membranes of the human monocytic cell line, THP-1, (ATCC no. TIB 202) that had been stimulated to produce TNF-α. THP-1 cells were chosen because they produce more TNF-α than HL-60 cells, a more commonly used human monocytic cell line. Approximately 120 billion cells were stimulated using the procedure previously described by Kronheim et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 269:698 (1992), incorporated herein by reference. Two hours after stimulation, the cells were harvested by centrifugation. The harvested cells were washed at least twice with Hanks balanced salt solution, and plasma membranes were isolated according to method number three as described by Maeda et al., Biochim. et. Biophys. Acta, 731:115 (1983), except that dithiothreitol was not used, utilizing 1.25 ml of homogenization buffer per ml of cell pellet. It was determined that the standard procedure of Maeda et al., Id., utilizing dithiothreitol, failed to yield compounds having TACE activity (an assay for TACE activity is described below). Proteins were then solubilized by resuspending the membrane preparation in a solution of 1% octylglucoside, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8), 1 mM MgCl₂ and 30 mM NaCl and briefly homogenizing with a Brinkman Homogenizer (twice, five seconds each time). Phospholipids were then extracted by adding four volumes of ice-cold (0° C.) acetone; after a thirty-minute incubation at 4° C., the acetone-extracted material was centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes in a H1000B rotor.

Chromatography

The pelleted material was dissolved in 450 ml of Buffer A (Buffer A comprises 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) and 1% octylglucoside (weight to volume percent)) and applied to a 120 ml column of DEAE-Sepharose fast-flow (Pharmacia) at 4 ml per minute. The column then was washed with 360 ml of Buffer A at 6 ml per minute, and protein was then eluted with an increasing gradient of NaCl (0-0.3 M) in Buffer A applied at 6 ml per minute over a period of 40 minutes. TACE was eluted with a NaCl concentration of about 50 to about 150 mm.

TACE was originally detected at this point by its ability to cleave recombinant 26 kD TNF-α fused to the "flag" (T. P. Hopp, et al., Bio Technology, 6:1204 (1988) sequence of 8 amino acids at the amino-terminus. The gene encoding human TNF-α was spliced to DNA encoding the flag sequence, and this construct was placed in the pPL3 vector (C. Maliszewski et al., Molec. Immunol., 25:429 (1987). The protein was then expressed in a protease-deficient strain of E. coli (R. T. Libby et al., DNA, 6:221 (1987) which was found necessary to prevent degradation of the precursor by the bacteria. After removal of growth medium, the bacteria were resuspended in 30 mM Tris-HC (pH 8), 5 mM EDTA, and the suspension was sonicated for about 30 seconds. The material was then centrifuged at 20,000 rpm in an SS34 rotor for 30 minutes, the supernatant fraction was discarded, and the pellet was resuspended with 8 M urea in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8). The material was homogenized with 25 strokes in a dounce homogenizer and then centrifuged at 20,000 rpm in an SS34 rotor for 30 minutes. The supernatant fraction, which contained the precursor TNF-α, was then dialyzed four times against 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8).

This material was incubated at 37° C. for at least 4 hours with the TACE eluted from the DEAE-Sepharose, that had been treated with 1 mM N-methoxysuccinyl-Ala--Ala--Val-chloro-methylketone, 10 μg/ml leupeptin, and 1 mg/ml α1-protease inhibitor, all of which are commercially available. The N-terminus of the resulting 17 kD product was found to be that of authentic TNF-α. After the initial identification of TACE in this way, it was found that the enzyme also cleaves an 8-residue peptide representing the segment Leu⁷³ --Ala⁷⁴ --Gln⁷⁵ --Ala⁷⁶ -↓-Val⁷⁷ --Arg⁷⁸ --Ser⁷⁹ --Ser⁸⁰ (SEQ ID NO:5) of TNF-α. Wherein the (↓) illustrates the cleavage site. Based on this observation, a quantitative assay was established: the peptide, at 1 mM, was incubated with the enzyme at 37° C. for a fixed period of time, in the presence of 0.1 mM dichloroisocoumarin, 1 mM methoxysuccinyl-Ala--Ala--Pro--Val-chloromethyl-ketone, 10 μg/ml leupeptin, 10 μM bestatin, and 1 mg/ml α1-protease inhibitor (Sigma), all of which are commercially available. The reaction was then stopped by the addition of acid or a metal chelator. The extent of cleavage of this peptide, reflecting the amount of TACE present, was determined by applying the mixture to a Vydac C18 column and eluting with a gradient of 0 to 30% acetonitrile over a period of 15 minutes.

Material that eluted from the DEAE column with 0.05-0.25 M NaCl had about a 4-fold higher specific activity than the starting material. The eluted material was sonicated and then shaken with wheat germ agglutinin-agarose (Vector Laboratories) for two hours at 4° C. Prior to use, the wheat germ agglutinin-agarose was washed with 5 column volumes of Buffer B (Buffer B comprises 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 0.15 M NaCl, 0.1 mM MnCl₂, 0.1 mM CaCl₂, 1 % octylglucoside and 10% glycerol); 1 ml of this resin was used for every 2 mg of protein in the sample, as determined by the BCA protein assay (Pierce). After two hours, the resin was washed with 7 volumes of Buffer B, and material was then eluted with 5 column volumes of Buffer B plus 0.3 M acetylglucosamine (Sigma), with 30 minute intervals between the application of each column volume.

Eluted fractions containing TACE activity had about a ten-fold higher specific activity than the starting material. These fractions were concentrated to about 5 ml with Centriprep-30 concentrators (Amicon) and then diluted three-fold with Buffer C (Buffer C comprises 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8), 1% octylglucoside and 10% glycerol). The diluted material was sonicated (three 10-second bursts) and then loaded onto a MonoQ HR 5/5 column (Pharmacia) at 0.5 ml per minute. The column was then washed with 10 ml of Buffer C at 0.5 ml per minute, and material was eluted with a 0 to 0.25 M NaCl gradient in Buffer C at 0.5 ml per minute over a period of 30 minutes. TACE activity (detected at this stage and subsequently by incubation with the previously described peptide substrate in the absence of protease inhibitors) eluted with about 0.15 M NaCl.

The NaCl concentration in the MonoQ fractions containing activity was reduced by at least ten-fold by diluting the material into Buffer C, and the material was then applied to a column of hydroxyapatite (American International Chemical, ceramic hydroxyapatite HS40) at the rate of 0.5 ml per minute. After washing with three column volumes of Buffer C, protein was eluted with a 0 to 50 mM gradient of sodium phosphate at 1 ml per minute over a period of 30 minutes. TACE eluted with about 15 mM sodium phosphate.

The TACE eluted from the hydroxyapatite column was then concentrated to about 100 μl with Centricon-50 concentrators (Amicon) and applied to a Bio-Rad SEC400 sizing column (30 cm). Protein was eluted with Buffer C run through the column at 0.5 ml per minute; TACE eluted at about 28 minutes.

The TACE eluted from the sizing column was diluted three-fold into Buffer D (Buffer D comprises 20 mM MES (pH 6), 1% octyglucoside and 10% glycerol) and applied to a 1 ml column of Red 120-agrose (Sigma) at 0.25 ml per minute. After the column was washed with 10 ml Buffer D, protein was eluted with a 0 to 1 M NaCl gradient in Buffer D at 0.25 ml per minute over a period of 60 minutes. TACE eluted with 0.2 to 0.3 M NaCl. Five percent of each eluted fraction was run on a SDS-polyacrylamide gel (10%), and silver staining showed that the predominant protein in the fractions with activity ran approximately midway between the 66 and 97 kD markers (Novex) on the gel, at approximately 80 kD.

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was added to 0.2% (volume-to-volumne percentage) to a pool of the fractions containing the approximately 80 kD protein, and the mixture was then pumped onto a 2.1×5 cm C4 column at approximately 100 μl per minute using a Shimadzu LC-10AD. Protein was eluted with a 0 to 100% gradient of acetonitrile in 0.1% TFA at 100 μl per minute over a period of 100 minutes. One minute fractions were collected and 5 to 10% of each fraction was run on a Novex SDS-polyacrylamide gel (10%). Fractions that eluted with about 70% acetonitrile and that contained a protein of approximately 80 kD were pooled and evaporated to dryness.

Generation of peptides and sequencing

This pool of fractions then was dissolved in 200 μl of 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8), 1 mM EDTA, and an amount of endo-LYS-C (Promega) equal to about 1/50 of the amount of protein in the sample was added. The material was incubated at 37° C. overnight, and then a fresh aliquot of the same amount of endo-LYS-C was added for an additional 3 hours at 37° C.

The resulting peptides were separated by applying the material to a capillary C18 column at 20 μl per minute and eluting with an ascending gradient of acetonitrile (0.5% per minute) in 0.1% TFA over a period of 200 minutes. Peptides were sequenced with an ABI 476 or an ABI 494 automated sequencer.

EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of Isolated and Purified TACE

This Example describes a method for further purifying the purified TACE as was obtained using the procedures described above. Purified TACE obtained from the TEP-1 cells may contain small amounts of human lysosomal 85 kD sialoglycoprotein (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 184:604-611 (1992) and human lysosomal alpha-mannosidase (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 200:239-245 (1994) that can be removed using standard immunoadsorbant procedures, as described in, for example, Robert K. Scopes, Protein Purifcadon--Principles and Practice (Springer-Verlag, 2nd edit.), pp. 167-172. Using the procedures described in this Example 2, isolated and purified TACE can be obtained

EXAMPLE 3 Cloning of Human TACE

This example describes a procedure for isolating a DNA sequence encoding human TACE. A random primed cDNA library was generated from the commercially available cell line THP-1 (Amersham) using conventional methods. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Mullis and Faloona, Meth. Enzymol. 15:335-350, 1987) amplifications were performed using the following primers:

Primer (1): 5'-AARTAYGTNATGTAYCC-3' SEQ ID NO:6

Primer (2): 5'-CCRCARTCRCAYTCYTC-3' SEQ ID NO:7

Primer (1) is based on the first five amino acids of Peptide (2) with the addition of a triplet coding for lysine at the 5' end. Primer (2) is antisense to a conserved amino acid sequence Glu--Glu--Cys--Asp--Cys--Gly (EECDCG) SEQ ID NO:8, which is found in a homologous metalloprotease, bovine reprolysin 1 (GenBank Accession #Z21961).

Single stranded cDNA was amplified using the mixed oligonucleotides described above under standard PCR conditions. The PCR reaction products were fractionated by gel electrophoresis and DNA bands of approximately 180 bp were isolated and subcloned into commercially available pBLUESCRIPT. Sequencing revealed a clone that contained a nucleotide sequence that codes for the amino acids Ile--Ala--Val--Ser--Gly--Asp--His--Glu--Asn--Asn--Lys (SEQ ID NO:9) and a nucleotide sequence that codes for amino acids Glu--Glu--Cys--Asp--Cys--Gly (EECDCG) (SEQ ID NO:8). This clone was termed the "30CD clone." The 30CD clone was sequenced and primers were generated based on this sequence. The primers then were used to detect TACE cDNA in phage library made from human KB cells. This library was screened under conventional conditions using a probe based on the 30CD sequence. Positive hybridizing plaques were isolated and DNA fragments of these clones were sequenced. Sequencing provided a full length cDNA of human TACE which is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. Human TACE was found to be a type I transmembrane protein of 824 amino acids, including a N-terminal 17 amino acid signal peptide. The signal peptid is followed by an extracellular domain of 654 amino acids, a 23 amino acid transmembrane domain and a 130 amino acid cytoplasmic domain. An alternate spliced variant was cloned and sequenced and found to contain the same amino acid sequence as TACE, except that a 50 bp fragment is deleted at the 5' end of the cytoplasmic domain, thus shifting the reading frame to encode a six amino acid cytoplasmic domain. The amino acid sequence of this variant is shown in SEQ ID NO:4, with the cDNA shown in SEQ ID NO:3.

EXAMPLE 4 Preparation of Antibodies Against TACE

This Example describes a method for generating monoclonal antibodies against TACE. Balb/c mice are injected intraperitoneally on two occasions at 3 week intervals with 10 ug of isolated and purified TACE of Example 1 or peptides based on the amino acid sequence of TACE in the presence of RIBI adjuvant (RIBI Corp., Hamilton, Mont.). Mouse sera are then assayed by conventional dot blot technique or antibody capture (ABC) to determine which animal is best to fuse. Three weeks later, mice are given an intravenous boost of 3 ug of human TACE, or TACE peptide, suspended in sterile PBS. Three days later, mice are sacrificed and spleen cells fused with Ag8.653 myeloma cells (ATCC) following established protocols. Briefly, Ag8.653 cells are washed several times in serum-free media and fused to mouse spleen cells at a ratio of three spleen cells to one myeloma cell. The fusing agent is 50% PEG: 10% DMSO (Sigma). Fusion is plated out into twenty 96-well flat bottom plates (Coming) containing HAT supplemented DMEM media and allowed to grow for eight days. Supernatants from resultant hybridomas are collected and added to a 96-well plate for 60 minutes that is first coated with goat anti-mouse Ig. Following washes, ¹²⁵ I-TACE is added to each well, incubated for 60 minutes at room temperature, and washed four times. Positive wells can be subsequently detected by autoradiography at -70° C. using Kodak X-Omat S film. Positive clones can be grown in bulk culture and supernatants are subsequently purified over a Protein A column (Pharmacia).

    __________________________________________________________________________     #             SEQUENCE LISTING                                                    - -  - - (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:                                              - -    (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 9                                            - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 2475 base - #pairs                                                 (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                  - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA to mRNA                                       - -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO                                                  - -     (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO                                                    - -     (ix) FEATURE:                                                                   (A) NAME/KEY: CDS                                                              (B) LOCATION: 52..2472                                                - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:                                - - ATGAGGCAGT CTCTCCTATT CCTGACCAGC GTGGTTCCTT TCGTGCTGGC G - #CCG         CGA      57                                                                                        - #                  - #                  - #   Pro        Arg                                                                                                - #                  - #                  - #     1          - - CCT CCG GAT GAC CCG GGC TTC GGC CCC CAC CA - #G AGA CTC GAG AAG CTT           105                                                                        Pro Pro Asp Asp Pro Gly Phe Gly Pro His Gl - #n Arg Leu Glu Lys Leu                      5        - #          10        - #          15                       - - GAT TCT TTG CTC TCA GAC TAC GAT ATT CTC TC - #T TTA TCT AAT ATC CAG           153                                                                        Asp Ser Leu Leu Ser Asp Tyr Asp Ile Leu Se - #r Leu Ser Asn Ile Gln                 20             - #     25             - #     30                           - - CAG CAT TCG GTA AGA AAA AGA GAT CTA CAG AC - #T TCA ACA CAT GTA GAA           201                                                                        Gln His Ser Val Arg Lys Arg Asp Leu Gln Th - #r Ser Thr His Val Glu             35                 - # 40                 - # 45                 - # 50        - - ACA CTA CTA ACT TTT TCA GCT TTG AAA AGG CA - #T TTT AAA TTA TAC CTG           249                                                                        Thr Leu Leu Thr Phe Ser Ala Leu Lys Arg Hi - #s Phe Lys Leu Tyr Leu                             55 - #                 60 - #                 65               - - ACA TCA AGT ACT GAA CGT TTT TCA CAA AAT TT - #C AAG GTC GTG GTG GTG           297                                                                        Thr Ser Ser Thr Glu Arg Phe Ser Gln Asn Ph - #e Lys Val Val Val Val                         70     - #             75     - #             80                   - - GAT GGT AAA AAC GAA AGC GAG TAC ACT GTA AA - #A TGG CAG GAC TTC TTC           345                                                                        Asp Gly Lys Asn Glu Ser Glu Tyr Thr Val Ly - #s Trp Gln Asp Phe Phe                     85         - #         90         - #         95                       - - ACT GGA CAC GTG GTT GGT GAG CCT GAC TCT AG - #G GTT CTA GCC CAC ATA           393                                                                        Thr Gly His Val Val Gly Glu Pro Asp Ser Ar - #g Val Leu Ala His Ile                100              - #   105              - #   110                           - - AGA GAT GAT GAT GTT ATA ATC AGA ATC AAC AC - #A GAT GGG GCC GAA TAT           441                                                                        Arg Asp Asp Asp Val Ile Ile Arg Ile Asn Th - #r Asp Gly Ala Glu Tyr            115                 1 - #20                 1 - #25                 1 -       #30                                                                               - - AAC ATA GAG CCA CTT TGG AGA TTT GTT AAT GA - #T ACC AAA GAC AAA         AGA      489                                                                     Asn Ile Glu Pro Leu Trp Arg Phe Val Asn As - #p Thr Lys Asp Lys Arg                           135  - #               140  - #               145               - - ATG TTA GTT TAT AAA TCT GAA GAT ATC AAG AA - #T GTT TCA CGT TTG CAG           537                                                                        Met Leu Val Tyr Lys Ser Glu Asp Ile Lys As - #n Val Ser Arg Leu Gln                        150      - #           155      - #           160                   - - TCT CCA AAA GTG TGT GGT TAT TTA AAA GTG GA - #T AAT GAA GAG TTG CTC           585                                                                        Ser Pro Lys Val Cys Gly Tyr Leu Lys Val As - #p Asn Glu Glu Leu Leu                    165          - #       170          - #       175                       - - CCA AAA GGG TTA GTA GAC AGA GAA CCA CCT GA - #A GAG CTT GTT CAT CGA           633                                                                        Pro Lys Gly Leu Val Asp Arg Glu Pro Pro Gl - #u Glu Leu Val His Arg                180              - #   185              - #   190                           - - GTG AAA AGA AGA GCT GAC CCA GAT CCC ATG AA - #G AAC ACG TGT AAA TTA           681                                                                        Val Lys Arg Arg Ala Asp Pro Asp Pro Met Ly - #s Asn Thr Cys Lys Leu            195                 2 - #00                 2 - #05                 2 -       #10                                                                               - - TTG GTG GTA GCA GAT CAT CGC TTC TAC AGA TA - #C ATG GGC AGA GGG         GAA      729                                                                     Leu Val Val Ala Asp His Arg Phe Tyr Arg Ty - #r Met Gly Arg Gly Glu                           215  - #               220  - #               225               - - GAG AGT ACA ACT ACA AAT TAC TTA ATA GAG CT - #A ATT GAC AGA GTT GAT           777                                                                        Glu Ser Thr Thr Thr Asn Tyr Leu Ile Glu Le - #u Ile Asp Arg Val Asp                        230      - #           235      - #           240                   - - GAC ATC TAT CGG AAC ACT TCA TGG GAT AAT GC - #A GGT TTT AAA GGC TAT           825                                                                        Asp Ile Tyr Arg Asn Thr Ser Trp Asp Asn Al - #a Gly Phe Lys Gly Tyr                    245          - #       250          - #       255                       - - GGA ATA CAG ATA GAG CAG ATT CGC ATT CTC AA - #G TCT CCA CAA GAG GTA           873                                                                        Gly Ile Gln Ile Glu Gln Ile Arg Ile Leu Ly - #s Ser Pro Gln Glu Val                260              - #   265              - #   270                           - - AAA CCT GGT GAA AAG CAC TAC AAC ATG GCA AA - #A AGT TAC CCA AAT GAA           921                                                                        Lys Pro Gly Glu Lys His Tyr Asn Met Ala Ly - #s Ser Tyr Pro Asn Glu            275                 2 - #80                 2 - #85                 2 -       #90                                                                               - - GAA AAG GAT GCT TGG GAT GTG AAG ATG TTG CT - #A GAG CAA TTT AGC         TTT      969                                                                     Glu Lys Asp Ala Trp Asp Val Lys Met Leu Le - #u Glu Gln Phe Ser Phe                           295  - #               300  - #               305               - - GAT ATA GCT GAG GAA GCA TCT AAA GTT TGC TT - #G GCA CAC CTT TTC ACA          1017                                                                        Asp Ile Ala Glu Glu Ala Ser Lys Val Cys Le - #u Ala His Leu Phe Thr                        310      - #           315      - #           320                   - - TAC CAA GAT TTT GAT ATG GGA ACT CTT GGA TT - #A GCT TAT GTT GGC TCT          1065                                                                        Tyr Gln Asp Phe Asp Met Gly Thr Leu Gly Le - #u Ala Tyr Val Gly Ser                    325          - #       330          - #       335                       - - CCC AGA GCA AAC AGC CAT GGA GGT GTT TGT CC - #A AAG GCT TAT TAT AGC          1113                                                                        Pro Arg Ala Asn Ser His Gly Gly Val Cys Pr - #o Lys Ala Tyr Tyr Ser                340              - #   345              - #   350                           - - CCA GTT GGG AAG AAA AAT ATC TAT TTG AAT AG - #T GGT TTG ACG AGC ACA          1161                                                                        Pro Val Gly Lys Lys Asn Ile Tyr Leu Asn Se - #r Gly Leu Thr Ser Thr            355                 3 - #60                 3 - #65                 3 -       #70                                                                               - - AAG AAT TAT GGT AAA ACC ATC CTT ACA AAG GA - #A GCT GAC CTG GTT         ACA     1209                                                                     Lys Asn Tyr Gly Lys Thr Ile Leu Thr Lys Gl - #u Ala Asp Leu Val Thr                           375  - #               380  - #               385               - - ACT CAT GAA TTG GGA CAT AAT TTT GGA GCA GA - #A CAT GAT CCG GAT GGT          1257                                                                        Thr His Glu Leu Gly His Asn Phe Gly Ala Gl - #u His Asp Pro Asp Gly                        390      - #           395      - #           400                   - - CTA GCA GAA TGT GCC CCG AAT GAG GAC CAG GG - #A GGG AAA TAT GTC ATG          1305                                                                        Leu Ala Glu Cys Ala Pro Asn Glu Asp Gln Gl - #y Gly Lys Tyr Val Met                    405          - #       410          - #       415                       - - TAT CCC ATA GCT GTG AGT GGC GAT CAC GAG AA - #C AAT AAG ATG TTT TCA          1353                                                                        Tyr Pro Ile Ala Val Ser Gly Asp His Glu As - #n Asn Lys Met Phe Ser                420              - #   425              - #   430                           - - AAC TGC AGT AAA CAA TCA ATC TAT AAG ACC AT - #T GAA AGT AAG GCC CAG          1401                                                                        Asn Cys Ser Lys Gln Ser Ile Tyr Lys Thr Il - #e Glu Ser Lys Ala Gln            435                 4 - #40                 4 - #45                 4 -       #50                                                                               - - GAG TGT TTT CAA GAA CGC AGC AAT AAA GTT TG - #T GGG AAC TCG AGG         GTG     1449                                                                     Glu Cys Phe Gln Glu Arg Ser Asn Lys Val Cy - #s Gly Asn Ser Arg Val                           455  - #               460  - #               465               - - GAT GAA GGA GAA GAG TGT GAT CCT GGC ATC AT - #G TAT CTG AAC AAC GAC          1497                                                                        Asp Glu Gly Glu Glu Cys Asp Pro Gly Ile Me - #t Tyr Leu Asn Asn Asp                        470      - #           475      - #           480                   - - ACC TGC TGC AAC AGC GAC TGC ACG TTG AAG GA - #A GGT GTC CAG TGC AGT          1545                                                                        Thr Cys Cys Asn Ser Asp Cys Thr Leu Lys Gl - #u Gly Val Gln Cys Ser                    485          - #       490          - #       495                       - - GAC AGG AAC AGT CCT TGC TGT AAA AAC TGT CA - #G TTT GAG ACT GCC CAG          1593                                                                        Asp Arg Asn Ser Pro Cys Cys Lys Asn Cys Gl - #n Phe Glu Thr Ala Gln                500              - #   505              - #   510                           - - AAG AAG TGC CAG GAG GCG ATT AAT GCT ACT TG - #C AAA GGC GTG TCC TAC          1641                                                                        Lys Lys Cys Gln Glu Ala Ile Asn Ala Thr Cy - #s Lys Gly Val Ser Tyr            515                 5 - #20                 5 - #25                 5 -       #30                                                                               - - TGC ACA GGT AAT AGC AGT GAG TGC CCG CCT CC - #A GGA AAT GCT GAA         GAT     1689                                                                     Cys Thr Gly Asn Ser Ser Glu Cys Pro Pro Pr - #o Gly Asn Ala Glu Asp                           535  - #               540  - #               545               - - GAC ACT GTT TGC TTG GAT CTT GGC AAG TGT AA - #G GAT GGG AAA TGC ATC          1737                                                                        Asp Thr Val Cys Leu Asp Leu Gly Lys Cys Ly - #s Asp Gly Lys Cys Ile                        550      - #           555      - #           560                   - - CCT TTC TGC GAG AGG GAA CAG CAG CTG GAG TC - #C TGT GCA TGT AAT GAA          1785                                                                        Pro Phe Cys Glu Arg Glu Gln Gln Leu Glu Se - #r Cys Ala Cys Asn Glu                    565          - #       570          - #       575                       - - ACT GAC AAC TCC TGC AAG GTG TGC TGC AGG GA - #C CTT TCC GGC CGC TGT          1833                                                                        Thr Asp Asn Ser Cys Lys Val Cys Cys Arg As - #p Leu Ser Gly Arg Cys                580              - #   585              - #   590                           - - GTG CCC TAT GTC GAT GCT GAA CAA AAG AAC TT - #A TTT TTG AGG AAA GGA          1881                                                                        Val Pro Tyr Val Asp Ala Glu Gln Lys Asn Le - #u Phe Leu Arg Lys Gly            595                 6 - #00                 6 - #05                 6 -       #10                                                                               - - AAG CCC TGT ACA GTA GGA TTT TGT GAC ATG AA - #T GGC AAA TGT GAG         AAA     1929                                                                     Lys Pro Cys Thr Val Gly Phe Cys Asp Met As - #n Gly Lys Cys Glu Lys                           615  - #               620  - #               625               - - CGA GTA CAG GAT GTA ATT GAA CGA TTT TGG GA - #T TTC ATT GAC CAG CTG          1977                                                                        Arg Val Gln Asp Val Ile Glu Arg Phe Trp As - #p Phe Ile Asp Gln Leu                        630      - #           635      - #           640                   - - AGC ATC AAT ACT TTT GGA AAG TTT TTA GCA GA - #C AAC ATC GTT GGG TCT          2025                                                                        Ser Ile Asn Thr Phe Gly Lys Phe Leu Ala As - #p Asn Ile Val Gly Ser                    645          - #       650          - #       655                       - - GTC CTG GTT TTC TCC TTG ATA TTT TGG ATT CC - #T TTC AGC ATT CTT GTC          2073                                                                        Val Leu Val Phe Ser Leu Ile Phe Trp Ile Pr - #o Phe Ser Ile Leu Val                660              - #   665              - #   670                           - - CAT TGT GTG GAT AAG AAA TTG GAT AAA CAG TA - #T GAA TCT CTG TCT CTG          2121                                                                        His Cys Val Asp Lys Lys Leu Asp Lys Gln Ty - #r Glu Ser Leu Ser Leu            675                 6 - #80                 6 - #85                 6 -       #90                                                                               - - TTT CAC CCC AGT AAC GTC GAA ATG CTG AGC AG - #C ATG GAT TCT GCA         TCG     2169                                                                     Phe His Pro Ser Asn Val Glu Met Leu Ser Se - #r Met Asp Ser Ala Ser                           695  - #               700  - #               705               - - GTT CGC ATT ATC AAA CCC TTT CCT GCG CCC CA - #G ACT CCA GGC CGC CTG          2217                                                                        Val Arg Ile Ile Lys Pro Phe Pro Ala Pro Gl - #n Thr Pro Gly Arg Leu                        710      - #           715      - #           720                   - - CAG CCT GCC CCT GTG ATC CCT TCG GCG CCA GC - #A GCT CCA AAA CTG GAC          2265                                                                        Gln Pro Ala Pro Val Ile Pro Ser Ala Pro Al - #a Ala Pro Lys Leu Asp                    725          - #       730          - #       735                       - - CAC CAG AGA ATG GAC ACC ATC CAG GAA GAC CC - #C AGC ACA GAC TCA CAT          2313                                                                        His Gln Arg Met Asp Thr Ile Gln Glu Asp Pr - #o Ser Thr Asp Ser His                740              - #   745              - #   750                           - - ATG GAC GAG GAT GGG TTT GAG AAG GAC CCC TT - #C CCA AAT AGC AGC ACA          2361                                                                        Met Asp Glu Asp Gly Phe Glu Lys Asp Pro Ph - #e Pro Asn Ser Ser Thr            755                 7 - #60                 7 - #65                 7 -       #70                                                                               - - GCT GCC AAG TCA TTT GAG GAT CTC ACG GAC CA - #T CCG GTC ACC AGA         AGT     2409                                                                     Ala Ala Lys Ser Phe Glu Asp Leu Thr Asp Hi - #s Pro Val Thr Arg Ser                           775  - #               780  - #               785               - - GAA AAG GCT GCC TCC TTT AAA CTG CAG CGT CA - #G AAT CGT GTT GAC AGC          2457                                                                        Glu Lys Ala Ala Ser Phe Lys Leu Gln Arg Gl - #n Asn Arg Val Asp Ser                        790      - #           795      - #           800                   - - AAA GAA ACA GAG TGC TAA         - #                  - #                       - #2475                                                                   Lys Glu Thr Glu Cys                                                                    805                                                                     - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 807 amino - #acids                                                 (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                  - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein                                            - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:                                - - Pro Arg Pro Pro Asp Asp Pro Gly Phe Gly Pr - #o His Gln Arg Leu Glu         1               5 - #                 10 - #                 15               - - Lys Leu Asp Ser Leu Leu Ser Asp Tyr Asp Il - #e Leu Ser Leu Ser Asn                    20     - #             25     - #             30                   - - Ile Gln Gln His Ser Val Arg Lys Arg Asp Le - #u Gln Thr Ser Thr His                35         - #         40         - #         45                       - - Val Glu Thr Leu Leu Thr Phe Ser Ala Leu Ly - #s Arg His Phe Lys Leu            50             - #     55             - #     60                           - - Tyr Leu Thr Ser Ser Thr Glu Arg Phe Ser Gl - #n Asn Phe Lys Val Val        65                 - # 70                 - # 75                 - # 80        - - Val Val Asp Gly Lys Asn Glu Ser Glu Tyr Th - #r Val Lys Trp Gln Asp                        85 - #                 90 - #                 95               - - Phe Phe Thr Gly His Val Val Gly Glu Pro As - #p Ser Arg Val Leu Ala                   100      - #           105      - #           110                   - - His Ile Arg Asp Asp Asp Val Ile Ile Arg Il - #e Asn Thr Asp Gly Ala               115          - #       120          - #       125                       - - Glu Tyr Asn Ile Glu Pro Leu Trp Arg Phe Va - #l Asn Asp Thr Lys Asp           130              - #   135              - #   140                           - - Lys Arg Met Leu Val Tyr Lys Ser Glu Asp Il - #e Lys Asn Val Ser Arg       145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -       #60                                                                               - - Leu Gln Ser Pro Lys Val Cys Gly Tyr Leu Ly - #s Val Asp Asn Glu         Glu                                                                                              165  - #               170  - #               175              - - Leu Leu Pro Lys Gly Leu Val Asp Arg Glu Pr - #o Pro Glu Glu Leu Val                   180      - #           185      - #           190                   - - His Arg Val Lys Arg Arg Ala Asp Pro Asp Pr - #o Met Lys Asn Thr Cys               195          - #       200          - #       205                       - - Lys Leu Leu Val Val Ala Asp His Arg Phe Ty - #r Arg Tyr Met Gly Arg           210              - #   215              - #   220                           - - Gly Glu Glu Ser Thr Thr Thr Asn Tyr Leu Il - #e Glu Leu Ile Asp Arg       225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -       #40                                                                               - - Val Asp Asp Ile Tyr Arg Asn Thr Ser Trp As - #p Asn Ala Gly Phe         Lys                                                                                              245  - #               250  - #               255              - - Gly Tyr Gly Ile Gln Ile Glu Gln Ile Arg Il - #e Leu Lys Ser Pro Gln                   260      - #           265      - #           270                   - - Glu Val Lys Pro Gly Glu Lys His Tyr Asn Me - #t Ala Lys Ser Tyr Pro               275          - #       280          - #       285                       - - Asn Glu Glu Lys Asp Ala Trp Asp Val Lys Me - #t Leu Leu Glu Gln Phe           290              - #   295              - #   300                           - - Ser Phe Asp Ile Ala Glu Glu Ala Ser Lys Va - #l Cys Leu Ala His Leu       305                 3 - #10                 3 - #15                 3 -       #20                                                                               - - Phe Thr Tyr Gln Asp Phe Asp Met Gly Thr Le - #u Gly Leu Ala Tyr         Val                                                                                              325  - #               330  - #               335              - - Gly Ser Pro Arg Ala Asn Ser His Gly Gly Va - #l Cys Pro Lys Ala Tyr                   340      - #           345      - #           350                   - - Tyr Ser Pro Val Gly Lys Lys Asn Ile Tyr Le - #u Asn Ser Gly Leu Thr               355          - #       360          - #       365                       - - Ser Thr Lys Asn Tyr Gly Lys Thr Ile Leu Th - #r Lys Glu Ala Asp Leu           370              - #   375              - #   380                           - - Val Thr Thr His Glu Leu Gly His Asn Phe Gl - #y Ala Glu His Asp Pro       385                 3 - #90                 3 - #95                 4 -       #00                                                                               - - Asp Gly Leu Ala Glu Cys Ala Pro Asn Glu As - #p Gln Gly Gly Lys         Tyr                                                                                              405  - #               410  - #               415              - - Val Met Tyr Pro Ile Ala Val Ser Gly Asp Hi - #s Glu Asn Asn Lys Met                   420      - #           425      - #           430                   - - Phe Ser Asn Cys Ser Lys Gln Ser Ile Tyr Ly - #s Thr Ile Glu Ser Lys               435          - #       440          - #       445                       - - Ala Gln Glu Cys Phe Gln Glu Arg Ser Asn Ly - #s Val Cys Gly Asn Ser           450              - #   455              - #   460                           - - Arg Val Asp Glu Gly Glu Glu Cys Asp Pro Gl - #y Ile Met Tyr Leu Asn       465                 4 - #70                 4 - #75                 4 -       #80                                                                               - - Asn Asp Thr Cys Cys Asn Ser Asp Cys Thr Le - #u Lys Glu Gly Val         Gln                                                                                              485  - #               490  - #               495              - - Cys Ser Asp Arg Asn Ser Pro Cys Cys Lys As - #n Cys Gln Phe Glu Thr                   500      - #           505      - #           510                   - - Ala Gln Lys Lys Cys Gln Glu Ala Ile Asn Al - #a Thr Cys Lys Gly Val               515          - #       520          - #       525                       - - Ser Tyr Cys Thr Gly Asn Ser Ser Glu Cys Pr - #o Pro Pro Gly Asn Ala           530              - #   535              - #   540                           - - Glu Asp Asp Thr Val Cys Leu Asp Leu Gly Ly - #s Cys Lys Asp Gly Lys       545                 5 - #50                 5 - #55                 5 -       #60                                                                               - - Cys Ile Pro Phe Cys Glu Arg Glu Gln Gln Le - #u Glu Ser Cys Ala         Cys                                                                                              565  - #               570  - #               575              - - Asn Glu Thr Asp Asn Ser Cys Lys Val Cys Cy - #s Arg Asp Leu Ser Gly                   580      - #           585      - #           590                   - - Arg Cys Val Pro Tyr Val Asp Ala Glu Gln Ly - #s Asn Leu Phe Leu Arg               595          - #       600          - #       605                       - - Lys Gly Lys Pro Cys Thr Val Gly Phe Cys As - #p Met Asn Gly Lys Cys           610              - #   615              - #   620                           - - Glu Lys Arg Val Gln Asp Val Ile Glu Arg Ph - #e Trp Asp Phe Ile Asp       625                 6 - #30                 6 - #35                 6 -       #40                                                                               - - Gln Leu Ser Ile Asn Thr Phe Gly Lys Phe Le - #u Ala Asp Asn Ile         Val                                                                                              645  - #               650  - #               655              - - Gly Ser Val Leu Val Phe Ser Leu Ile Phe Tr - #p Ile Pro Phe Ser Ile                   660      - #           665      - #           670                   - - Leu Val His Cys Val Asp Lys Lys Leu Asp Ly - #s Gln Tyr Glu Ser Leu               675          - #       680          - #       685                       - - Ser Leu Phe His Pro Ser Asn Val Glu Met Le - #u Ser Ser Met Asp Ser           690              - #   695              - #   700                           - - Ala Ser Val Arg Ile Ile Lys Pro Phe Pro Al - #a Pro Gln Thr Pro Gly       705                 7 - #10                 7 - #15                 7 -       #20                                                                               - - Arg Leu Gln Pro Ala Pro Val Ile Pro Ser Al - #a Pro Ala Ala Pro         Lys                                                                                              725  - #               730  - #               735              - - Leu Asp His Gln Arg Met Asp Thr Ile Gln Gl - #u Asp Pro Ser Thr Asp                   740      - #           745      - #           750                   - - Ser His Met Asp Glu Asp Gly Phe Glu Lys As - #p Pro Phe Pro Asn Ser               755          - #       760          - #       765                       - - Ser Thr Ala Ala Lys Ser Phe Glu Asp Leu Th - #r Asp His Pro Val Thr           770              - #   775              - #   780                           - - Arg Ser Glu Lys Ala Ala Ser Phe Lys Leu Gl - #n Arg Gln Asn Arg Val       785                 7 - #90                 7 - #95                 8 -       #00                                                                               - - Asp Ser Lys Glu Thr Glu Cys                                                               805                                                             - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 2097 base - #pairs                                                 (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                  - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA to mRNA                                       - -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO                                                  - -     (ix) FEATURE:                                                                   (A) NAME/KEY: CDS                                                              (B) LOCATION: 52..2094                                                - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:                                - - ATGAGGCAGT CTCTCCTATT CCTGACCAGC GTGGTTCCTT TCGTGCTGGC G - #CCG         CGA      57                                                                                        - #                  - #                  - #   Pro        Arg                                                                               - - CCT CCG GAT GAC CCG GGC TTC GGC CCC CAC CA - #G AGA CTC GAG AAG         CTT      105                                                                     Pro Pro Asp Asp Pro Gly Phe Gly Pro His Gl - #n Arg Leu Glu Lys Leu           810                 8 - #15                 8 - #20                 8 -       #25                                                                               - - GAT TCT TTG CTC TCA GAC TAC GAT ATT CTC TC - #T TTA TCT AAT ATC         CAG      153                                                                     Asp Ser Leu Leu Ser Asp Tyr Asp Ile Leu Se - #r Leu Ser Asn Ile Gln                           830  - #               835  - #               840               - - CAG CAT TCG GTA AGA AAA AGA GAT CTA CAG AC - #T TCA ACA CAT GTA GAA           201                                                                        Gln His Ser Val Arg Lys Arg Asp Leu Gln Th - #r Ser Thr His Val Glu                        845      - #           850      - #           855                   - - ACA CTA CTA ACT TTT TCA GCT TTG AAA AGG CA - #T TTT AAA TTA TAC CTG           249                                                                        Thr Leu Leu Thr Phe Ser Ala Leu Lys Arg Hi - #s Phe Lys Leu Tyr Leu                    860          - #       865          - #       870                       - - ACA TCA AGT ACT GAA CGT TTT TCA CAA AAT TT - #C AAG GTC GTG GTG GTG           297                                                                        Thr Ser Ser Thr Glu Arg Phe Ser Gln Asn Ph - #e Lys Val Val Val Val                875              - #   880              - #   885                           - - GAT GGT AAA AAC GAA AGC GAG TAC ACT GTA AA - #A TGG CAG GAC TTC TTC           345                                                                        Asp Gly Lys Asn Glu Ser Glu Tyr Thr Val Ly - #s Trp Gln Asp Phe Phe            890                 8 - #95                 9 - #00                 9 -       #05                                                                               - - ACT GGA CAC GTG GTT GGT GAG CCT GAC TCT AG - #G GTT CTA GCC CAC         ATA      393                                                                     Thr Gly His Val Val Gly Glu Pro Asp Ser Ar - #g Val Leu Ala His Ile                           910  - #               915  - #               920               - - AGA GAT GAT GAT GTT ATA ATC AGA ATC AAC AC - #A GAT GGG GCC GAA TAT           441                                                                        Arg Asp Asp Asp Val Ile Ile Arg Ile Asn Th - #r Asp Gly Ala Glu Tyr                        925      - #           930      - #           935                   - - AAC ATA GAG CCA CTT TGG AGA TTT GTT AAT GA - #T ACC AAA GAC AAA AGA           489                                                                        Asn Ile Glu Pro Leu Trp Arg Phe Val Asn As - #p Thr Lys Asp Lys Arg                    940          - #       945          - #       950                       - - ATG TTA GTT TAT AAA TCT GAA GAT ATC AAG AA - #T GTT TCA CGT TTG CAG           537                                                                        Met Leu Val Tyr Lys Ser Glu Asp Ile Lys As - #n Val Ser Arg Leu Gln                955              - #   960              - #   965                           - - TCT CCA AAA GTG TGT GGT TAT TTA AAA GTG GA - #T AAT GAA GAG TTG CTC           585                                                                        Ser Pro Lys Val Cys Gly Tyr Leu Lys Val As - #p Asn Glu Glu Leu Leu            970                 9 - #75                 9 - #80                 9 -       #85                                                                               - - CCA AAA GGG TTA GTA GAC AGA GAA CCA CCT GA - #A GAG CTT GTT CAT         CGA      633                                                                     Pro Lys Gly Leu Val Asp Arg Glu Pro Pro Gl - #u Glu Leu Val His Arg                           990  - #               995  - #               1000              - - GTG AAA AGA AGA GCT GAC CCA GAT CCC ATG AA - #G AAC ACG TGT AAA TTA           681                                                                        Val Lys Arg Arg Ala Asp Pro Asp Pro Met Ly - #s Asn Thr Cys Lys Leu                        1005     - #           1010      - #          1015                  - - TTG GTG GTA GCA GAT CAT CGC TTC TAC AGA TA - #C ATG GGC AGA GGG GAA           729                                                                        Leu Val Val Ala Asp His Arg Phe Tyr Arg Ty - #r Met Gly Arg Gly Glu                    1020         - #       1025          - #      1030                      - - GAG AGT ACA ACT ACA AAT TAC TTA ATA GAG CT - #A ATT GAC AGA GTT GAT           777                                                                        Glu Ser Thr Thr Thr Asn Tyr Leu Ile Glu Le - #u Ile Asp Arg Val Asp                1035             - #   1040              - #  1045                          - - GAC ATC TAT CGG AAC ACT TCA TGG GAT AAT GC - #A GGT TTT AAA GGC TAT           825                                                                        Asp Ile Tyr Arg Asn Thr Ser Trp Asp Asn Al - #a Gly Phe Lys Gly Tyr            1050                1055 - #                1060 - #               1065         - - GGA ATA CAG ATA GAG CAG ATT CGC ATT CTC AA - #G TCT CCA CAA GAG GTA           873                                                                        Gly Ile Gln Ile Glu Gln Ile Arg Ile Leu Ly - #s Ser Pro Gln Glu Val                            1070 - #               1075  - #              1080              - - AAA CCT GGT GAA AAG CAC TAC AAC ATG GCA AA - #A AGT TAC CCA AAT GAA           921                                                                        Lys Pro Gly Glu Lys His Tyr Asn Met Ala Ly - #s Ser Tyr Pro Asn Glu                        1085     - #           1090      - #          1095                  - - GAA AAG GAT GCT TGG GAT GTG AAG ATG TTG CT - #A GAG CAA TTT AGC TTT           969                                                                        Glu Lys Asp Ala Trp Asp Val Lys Met Leu Le - #u Glu Gln Phe Ser Phe                    1100         - #       1105          - #      1110                      - - GAT ATA GCT GAG GAA GCA TCT AAA GTT TGC TT - #G GCA CAC CTT TTC ACA          1017                                                                        Asp Ile Ala Glu Glu Ala Ser Lys Val Cys Le - #u Ala His Leu Phe Thr                1115             - #   1120              - #  1125                          - - TAC CAA GAT TTT GAT ATG GGA ACT CTT GGA TT - #A GCT TAT GTT GGC TCT          1065                                                                        Tyr Gln Asp Phe Asp Met Gly Thr Leu Gly Le - #u Ala Tyr Val Gly Ser            1130                1135 - #                1140 - #               1145         - - CCC AGA GCA AAC AGC CAT GGA GGT GTT TGT CC - #A AAG GCT TAT TAT AGC          1113                                                                        Pro Arg Ala Asn Ser His Gly Gly Val Cys Pr - #o Lys Ala Tyr Tyr Ser                            1150 - #               1155  - #              1160              - - CCA GTT GGG AAG AAA AAT ATC TAT TTG AAT AG - #T GGT TTG ACG AGC ACA          1161                                                                        Pro Val Gly Lys Lys Asn Ile Tyr Leu Asn Se - #r Gly Leu Thr Ser Thr                        1165     - #           1170      - #          1175                  - - AAG AAT TAT GGT AAA ACC ATC CTT ACA AAG GA - #A GCT GAC CTG GTT ACA          1209                                                                        Lys Asn Tyr Gly Lys Thr Ile Leu Thr Lys Gl - #u Ala Asp Leu Val Thr                    1180         - #       1185          - #      1190                      - - ACT CAT GAA TTG GGA CAT AAT TTT GGA GCA GA - #A CAT GAT CCG GAT GGT          1257                                                                        Thr His Glu Leu Gly His Asn Phe Gly Ala Gl - #u His Asp Pro Asp Gly                1195             - #   1200              - #  1205                          - - CTA GCA GAA TGT GCC CCG AAT GAG GAC CAG GG - #A GGG AAA TAT GTC ATG          1305                                                                        Leu Ala Glu Cys Ala Pro Asn Glu Asp Gln Gl - #y Gly Lys Tyr Val Met            1210                1215 - #                1220 - #               1225         - - TAT CCC ATA GCT GTG AGT GGC GAT CAC GAG AA - #C AAT AAG ATG TTT TCA          1353                                                                        Tyr Pro Ile Ala Val Ser Gly Asp His Glu As - #n Asn Lys Met Phe Ser                            1230 - #               1235  - #              1240              - - AAC TGC AGT AAA CAA TCA ATC TAT AAG ACC AT - #T GAA AGT AAG GCC CAG          1401                                                                        Asn Cys Ser Lys Gln Ser Ile Tyr Lys Thr Il - #e Glu Ser Lys Ala Gln                        1245     - #           1250      - #          1255                  - - GAG TGT TTT CAA GAA CGC AGC AAT AAA GTT TG - #T GGG AAC TCG AGG GTG          1449                                                                        Glu Cys Phe Gln Glu Arg Ser Asn Lys Val Cy - #s Gly Asn Ser Arg Val                    1260         - #       1265          - #      1270                      - - GAT GAA GGA GAA GAG TGT GAT CCT GGC ATC AT - #G TAT CTG AAC AAC GAC          1497                                                                        Asp Glu Gly Glu Glu Cys Asp Pro Gly Ile Me - #t Tyr Leu Asn Asn Asp                1275             - #   1280              - #  1285                          - - ACC TGC TGC AAC AGC GAC TGC ACG TTG AAG GA - #A GGT GTC CAG TGC AGT          1545                                                                        Thr Cys Cys Asn Ser Asp Cys Thr Leu Lys Gl - #u Gly Val Gln Cys Ser            1290                1295 - #                1300 - #               1305         - - GAC AGG AAC AGT CCT TGC TGT AAA AAC TGT CA - #G TTT GAG ACT GCC CAG          1593                                                                        Asp Arg Asn Ser Pro Cys Cys Lys Asn Cys Gl - #n Phe Glu Thr Ala Gln                            1310 - #               1315  - #              1320              - - AAG AAG TGC CAG GAG GCG ATT AAT GCT ACT TG - #C AAA GGC GTG TCC TAC          1641                                                                        Lys Lys Cys Gln Glu Ala Ile Asn Ala Thr Cy - #s Lys Gly Val Ser Tyr                        1325     - #           1330      - #          1335                  - - TGC ACA GGT AAT AGC AGT GAG TGC CCG CCT CC - #A GGA AAT GCT GAA GAT          1689                                                                        Cys Thr Gly Asn Ser Ser Glu Cys Pro Pro Pr - #o Gly Asn Ala Glu Asp                    1340         - #       1345          - #      1350                      - - GAC ACT GTT TGC TTG GAT CTT GGC AAG TGT AA - #G GAT GGG AAA TGC ATC          1737                                                                        Asp Thr Val Cys Leu Asp Leu Gly Lys Cys Ly - #s Asp Gly Lys Cys Ile                1355             - #   1360              - #  1365                          - - CCT TTC TGC GAG AGG GAA CAG CAG CTG GAG TC - #C TGT GCA TGT AAT GAA          1785                                                                        Pro Phe Cys Glu Arg Glu Gln Gln Leu Glu Se - #r Cys Ala Cys Asn Glu            1370                1375 - #                1380 - #               1385         - - ACT GAC AAC TCC TGC AAG GTG TGC TGC AGG GA - #C CTT TCC GGC CGC TGT          1833                                                                        Thr Asp Asn Ser Cys Lys Val Cys Cys Arg As - #p Leu Ser Gly Arg Cys                            1390 - #               1395  - #              1400              - - GTG CCC TAT GTC GAT GCT GAA CAA AAG AAC TT - #A TTT TTG AGG AAA GGA          1881                                                                        Val Pro Tyr Val Asp Ala Glu Gln Lys Asn Le - #u Phe Leu Arg Lys Gly                        1405     - #           1410      - #          1415                  - - AAG CCC TGT ACA GTA GGA TTT TGT GAC ATG AA - #T GGC AAA TGT GAG AAA          1929                                                                        Lys Pro Cys Thr Val Gly Phe Cys Asp Met As - #n Gly Lys Cys Glu Lys                    1420         - #       1425          - #      1430                      - - CGA GTA CAG GAT GTA ATT GAA CGA TTT TGG GA - #T TTC ATT GAC CAG CTG          1977                                                                        Arg Val Gln Asp Val Ile Glu Arg Phe Trp As - #p Phe Ile Asp Gln Leu                1435             - #   1440              - #  1445                          - - AGC ATC AAT ACT TTT GGA AAG TTT TTA GCA GA - #C AAC ATC GTT GGG TCT          2025                                                                        Ser Ile Asn Thr Phe Gly Lys Phe Leu Ala As - #p Asn Ile Val Gly Ser            1450                1455 - #                1460 - #               1465         - - GTC CTG GTT TTC TCC TTG ATA TTT TGG ATT CC - #T TTC AGC ATT CTT GTC          2073                                                                        Val Leu Val Phe Ser Leu Ile Phe Trp Ile Pr - #o Phe Ser Ile Leu Val                            1470 - #               1475  - #              1480              - - CAT TGT GTA ACG TCG AAA TGC TGA     - #                  - #                   2097                                                                      His Cys Val Thr Ser Lys Cys                                                                1485                                                                - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 681 amino - #acids                                                 (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                  - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein                                            - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:                                - - Pro Arg Pro Pro Asp Asp Pro Gly Phe Gly Pr - #o His Gln Arg Leu Glu         1               5 - #                 10 - #                 15               - - Lys Leu Asp Ser Leu Leu Ser Asp Tyr Asp Il - #e Leu Ser Leu Ser Asn                    20     - #             25     - #             30                   - - Ile Gln Gln His Ser Val Arg Lys Arg Asp Le - #u Gln Thr Ser Thr His                35         - #         40         - #         45                       - - Val Glu Thr Leu Leu Thr Phe Ser Ala Leu Ly - #s Arg His Phe Lys Leu            50             - #     55             - #     60                           - - Tyr Leu Thr Ser Ser Thr Glu Arg Phe Ser Gl - #n Asn Phe Lys Val Val        65                 - # 70                 - # 75                 - # 80        - - Val Val Asp Gly Lys Asn Glu Ser Glu Tyr Th - #r Val Lys Trp Gln Asp                        85 - #                 90 - #                 95               - - Phe Phe Thr Gly His Val Val Gly Glu Pro As - #p Ser Arg Val Leu Ala                   100      - #           105      - #           110                   - - His Ile Arg Asp Asp Asp Val Ile Ile Arg Il - #e Asn Thr Asp Gly Ala               115          - #       120          - #       125                       - - Glu Tyr Asn Ile Glu Pro Leu Trp Arg Phe Va - #l Asn Asp Thr Lys Asp           130              - #   135              - #   140                           - - Lys Arg Met Leu Val Tyr Lys Ser Glu Asp Il - #e Lys Asn Val Ser Arg       145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -       #60                                                                               - - Leu Gln Ser Pro Lys Val Cys Gly Tyr Leu Ly - #s Val Asp Asn Glu         Glu                                                                                              165  - #               170  - #               175              - - Leu Leu Pro Lys Gly Leu Val Asp Arg Glu Pr - #o Pro Glu Glu Leu Val                   180      - #           185      - #           190                   - - His Arg Val Lys Arg Arg Ala Asp Pro Asp Pr - #o Met Lys Asn Thr Cys               195          - #       200          - #       205                       - - Lys Leu Leu Val Val Ala Asp His Arg Phe Ty - #r Arg Tyr Met Gly Arg           210              - #   215              - #   220                           - - Gly Glu Glu Ser Thr Thr Thr Asn Tyr Leu Il - #e Glu Leu Ile Asp Arg       225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -       #40                                                                               - - Val Asp Asp Ile Tyr Arg Asn Thr Ser Trp As - #p Asn Ala Gly Phe         Lys                                                                                              245  - #               250  - #               255              - - Gly Tyr Gly Ile Gln Ile Glu Gln Ile Arg Il - #e Leu Lys Ser Pro Gln                   260      - #           265      - #           270                   - - Glu Val Lys Pro Gly Glu Lys His Tyr Asn Me - #t Ala Lys Ser Tyr Pro               275          - #       280          - #       285                       - - Asn Glu Glu Lys Asp Ala Trp Asp Val Lys Me - #t Leu Leu Glu Gln Phe           290              - #   295              - #   300                           - - Ser Phe Asp Ile Ala Glu Glu Ala Ser Lys Va - #l Cys Leu Ala His Leu       305                 3 - #10                 3 - #15                 3 -       #20                                                                               - - Phe Thr Tyr Gln Asp Phe Asp Met Gly Thr Le - #u Gly Leu Ala Tyr         Val                                                                                              325  - #               330  - #               335              - - Gly Ser Pro Arg Ala Asn Ser His Gly Gly Va - #l Cys Pro Lys Ala Tyr                   340      - #           345      - #           350                   - - Tyr Ser Pro Val Gly Lys Lys Asn Ile Tyr Le - #u Asn Ser Gly Leu Thr               355          - #       360          - #       365                       - - Ser Thr Lys Asn Tyr Gly Lys Thr Ile Leu Th - #r Lys Glu Ala Asp Leu           370              - #   375              - #   380                           - - Val Thr Thr His Glu Leu Gly His Asn Phe Gl - #y Ala Glu His Asp Pro       385                 3 - #90                 3 - #95                 4 -       #00                                                                               - - Asp Gly Leu Ala Glu Cys Ala Pro Asn Glu As - #p Gln Gly Gly Lys         Tyr                                                                                              405  - #               410  - #               415              - - Val Met Tyr Pro Ile Ala Val Ser Gly Asp Hi - #s Glu Asn Asn Lys Met                   420      - #           425      - #           430                   - - Phe Ser Asn Cys Ser Lys Gln Ser Ile Tyr Ly - #s Thr Ile Glu Ser Lys               435          - #       440          - #       445                       - - Ala Gln Glu Cys Phe Gln Glu Arg Ser Asn Ly - #s Val Cys Gly Asn Ser           450              - #   455              - #   460                           - - Arg Val Asp Glu Gly Glu Glu Cys Asp Pro Gl - #y Ile Met Tyr Leu Asn       465                 4 - #70                 4 - #75                 4 -       #80                                                                               - - Asn Asp Thr Cys Cys Asn Ser Asp Cys Thr Le - #u Lys Glu Gly Val         Gln                                                                                              485  - #               490  - #               495              - - Cys Ser Asp Arg Asn Ser Pro Cys Cys Lys As - #n Cys Gln Phe Glu Thr                   500      - #           505      - #           510                   - - Ala Gln Lys Lys Cys Gln Glu Ala Ile Asn Al - #a Thr Cys Lys Gly Val               515          - #       520          - #       525                       - - Ser Tyr Cys Thr Gly Asn Ser Ser Glu Cys Pr - #o Pro Pro Gly Asn Ala           530              - #   535              - #   540                           - - Glu Asp Asp Thr Val Cys Leu Asp Leu Gly Ly - #s Cys Lys Asp Gly Lys       545                 5 - #50                 5 - #55                 5 -       #60                                                                               - - Cys Ile Pro Phe Cys Glu Arg Glu Gln Gln Le - #u Glu Ser Cys Ala         Cys                                                                                              565  - #               570  - #               575              - - Asn Glu Thr Asp Asn Ser Cys Lys Val Cys Cy - #s Arg Asp Leu Ser Gly                   580      - #           585      - #           590                   - - Arg Cys Val Pro Tyr Val Asp Ala Glu Gln Ly - #s Asn Leu Phe Leu Arg               595          - #       600          - #       605                       - - Lys Gly Lys Pro Cys Thr Val Gly Phe Cys As - #p Met Asn Gly Lys Cys           610              - #   615              - #   620                           - - Glu Lys Arg Val Gln Asp Val Ile Glu Arg Ph - #e Trp Asp Phe Ile Asp       625                 6 - #30                 6 - #35                 6 -       #40                                                                               - - Gln Leu Ser Ile Asn Thr Phe Gly Lys Phe Le - #u Ala Asp Asn Ile         Val                                                                                              645  - #               650  - #               655              - - Gly Ser Val Leu Val Phe Ser Leu Ile Phe Tr - #p Ile Pro Phe Ser Ile                   660      - #           665      - #           670                   - - Leu Val His Cys Val Thr Ser Lys Cys                                               675          - #       680                                              - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 8 amino - #acids                                                   (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                  - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                            - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5:                                - - Leu Ala Gln Ala Val Arg Ser Ser                                             1            5                                                                - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 17 base - #pairs                                                   (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                  - -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO                                                  - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6:                                - - AARTAYGTNA TGTAYCC17                                                       - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 17 base - #pairs                                                   (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                  - -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO                                                  - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7:                                - - CCRCARTCRC AYTCYTC17                                                       - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 6 amino - #acids                                                   (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                  - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                            - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:8:                                - - Glu Glu Cys Asp Cys Gly                                                     1            5                                                                - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:9:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 11 amino - #acids                                                  (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                  - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                            - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:9:                                - - Ile Ala Val Ser Gly Asp His Glu Asn Asn Ly - #s                             1            5    - #              10                                       __________________________________________________________________________ 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for identifying compounds that inhibit the cleavage of cell-bound TNF-α, comprising:(a) mixing a test compound with a polypeptide comprising amino acids 215-477 of SEQ ID NO:2 and with a substrate that is cleavable by said polypeptide, and (b) determining whether the test compound inhibits the cleavage of said substrate by said polypeptide.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said substrate comprises the amino acid sequence Leu--Ala--Gln--Ala--Val--Arg--Ser--Ser (SEQ ID NO: 5).
 3. A method for detecting the ability of a molecule to inhibit the catalytic activity of a polypeptide comprising amino acids 215-477 of SEQ ID NO:2, comprising mixing said molecule with a substrate and with a polypeptide comprising amino acids 215-477 of SEQ ID NO:2, and determining the extent of cleavage of said substrate.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein said substrate comprises the amino acid sequence Leu--Ala--Gln--Ala--Val--Arg--Ser--Ser (SEQ ID NO: 5).
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said polypeptide is substantially purified.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said polypeptide is isolated and purified.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein said substrate comprises the amino acid sequence Leu--Ala--Gln--Ala--Val--Arg--Ser--Ser (SEQ ID NO:5).
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein said substrate comprises the amino acid sequence Leu--Ala--Gin--Ala--Val--Arger--Ser (SEQ ID NO:5).
 9. The method of claim 3, wherein said polypeptide is substantially purified.
 10. The method of claim 3, wherein said polypeptide is isolated and purified.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein said substrate comprises the amino acid sequence Leu--Ala--Gln--Ala--Val--Arg--Ser--Ser (SEQ ID NO:5).
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein said substrate comprises the amino acid sequence Leu--Ala--Gln--Ala--Val--Arg--Ser--Ser (SEQ ED NO:5).
 13. A method for identifying compounds that inhibit the cleavage of cell-bound TNP-α, comprising:(a) expressing in a recombinant host cell a recombinant polypeptide comprising amino acids 215-477 of SEQ ID NO:2; (b) mixing a test compound with said polypeptide and with a substrate that is cleavable by said recombinant polypeptide, and (c) determining whether the test compound inhibits the cleavage of said substrate by said recombinant polypeptide.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein said substrate comprises the amino acid sequence Leu--Ala--Gln--Ala--Val--Arg--Ser--Ser (SEQ ID NO:5).
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein said recombinant polypeptide is expressed from a nucleic acid sequence comprising nucleotides 694-1482 of SEQ ID NO:1.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said substrate comprises the amino acid sequence Leu--Ala--Gln--Ala--Val--Arg--Ser--Ser (SEQ D NO:5).
 17. A method for detecting the ability of a molecule to inhibit the catalytic activity of a polypeptide comprising amino acids 215-477 of SEQ ID NO:2, comprising expressing in a recombinant host cell a recombinant polypeptide comprising amino acids 215-477 of SEQ ID NO:2, mixing said molecule with a substrate and with said recombinant polypeptide, and determining the extent of cleavage of said substrate.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said substrate comprises the amino acid sequence Leu--Ala--Gln--Ala--Val--Arg--Ser--Ser (SEQ ID NO:5).
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein said recombinant polypeptide is expressed from a nucleic acid sequence comprising nucleotides 694-482 of SEQ ID NO:1.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein said substrate comprises the amino acid sequence Leu--Ala--Gln--Ala--Val--Arg--Ser--Ser (SEQ ID NO:5).
 21. The method of claim 1, wherein said polypeptide consists of amino acids 215-477 of SEQ ID NO:2.
 22. The method of claim 2, wherein said polypeptide consists of amino acids 215-477 of SEQ ID NO:2.
 23. The method of claim 3, wherein said polypeptide consists of amino acids 215-477 of SEQ ID NO:2.
 24. The method of claim 4, wherein said polypeptide consists of amino acids 215-477 of SEQ ID NO:2.
 25. The method of claim 13, wherein said recombinant polypeptide consists of amino acids 215-477 of SEQ ID NO:2.
 26. The method of claim 14, wherein said recombinant polypeptide consists of amino acids 215-477 of SEQ ID NO:2.
 27. The method of claim 15, wherein said recombinant polypeptide consists of amino acids 215-477 of SEQ ID NO:2.
 28. The method of claim 16, wherein said recombinant polypeptide consists of amino acids 215-477 of SEQ ID NO:2.
 29. The method of claim 17, wherein said recombinant polypeptide is encoded by a DNA sequence consisting of nucleotides 694-1482 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 30. The method of claim 19, wherein said recombinant polypeptide is encoded by a DNA sequence consisting of nucleotides 694-1482 of SEQ ID NO:1.
 31. The method of claim 29, wherein said substrate comprises the amino acid sequence Leu--Ala--Gln--Ala--Val--Arg--Ser--Ser (SEQ ID NO:5).
 32. The method of claim 30, wherein said substrate comprises the amino acid sequence Leu--Ala--Gln--Ala--Val--Arg--Ser--Ser (SEQ ID NO:5).
 33. The method of claim 29, wherein said substrate consists of the amino acid sequence Leu--Ala--Gln--Ala--Val--Arg--Ser--Ser (SEQ ID NO:5).
 34. The method of claim 30, wherein said substrate consists of the amino acid sequence Leu--Ala--Gln--Ala--Val--Arg--Ser--Ser (SEQ ID NO:5). 